6. Schachner LA, Eichenfield L, Andriessen A, et al. Consensus on neonatal through preadolescent acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(6):1-10. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5065
7. Skroza N, Tolino E, Potenza C et al. Adult acne versus adolescent acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(1):21-25.
8. Perkins AC, Maglione J, Hillebrand GG, et al. Acne vulgaris in women: prevalence across the life span. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(2):223–230.
9. Alexis AF, Harper JC, Stein Gold LF, et al. Treating acne in patients with skin of color. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018;37(Supp3):S71- S73.
10. Schachner LA, Andriessen A, Hebert AA, et al. The many faces of pediatric acne: How to tailor nonprescription acne treatment and skincare using cleansers and moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(6):602-612. doi: 10.36849/JDD.6872
11. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, et al. Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(5):494-504. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13116.
12. Tamayo CS, Janniger CK, Micali G, et al. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris: an update. Cutis. 2014;94(1):13-16.
13. Piggott CDS, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW. Acne in children. In: Shalita AR, Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, eds. Acne Vulgaris. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2011:182–197.
14. Thiboutot DM, Dreno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the global alliance to improve outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2S1):S1-23.
15. Pappas A, et al. Seasonal changes in epidermal ceramides are linked to impaired barrier function in acne patients. Experimental Dermatol. 2018;27(8):833-836.
16. Lynde CW, Andriessen A, Barankin B, et al. Moisturizers and ceramide-containing moisturizers may offer concomitant therapy with benefits. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):18-26.
17. Araviiskaia E, Dreno B. The role of dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016; 30, 926-935.
18. Kelleher M, Dunn-Galvin A, Hourihane JQ, et al. Skin barrier dysfunction measured through Transepidermal water loss at 2 days and 2 months predates and predicts atopic dermatitis at 1 year. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:930-935.
19. Cices A, Bayers S, Verzi AE, et al. Poisoning through pediatric skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(3):391-403.
20. Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:371-88.
21. Bree AF, Siegfried EC. Acne vulgaris in preadolescent children: recommendations for evaluation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:27-32.
22. Lovaszi M, Szegedi A, Zouboulis CC, et al. Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids. Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):e1375636.
23. Elsaie ML. Hormonal treatment of acne vulgaris: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:241-248.
24. Parikh SA, Davis SA, Krowchuck DP, et al. Common use of prescription off-label acne therapy in children younger than 12 years old. Ped Derm. 2014;31(5):551-555.
25. Karciauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S, Gollnick H, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: A cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:733-740.
26. Eun DH, Kim JY, Jang YH, et al. Clinical investigation on preadolescent acne. Korean Dermatol Association and Korean Society Invest Dermatol. 2019;31(2):249-251. https://doi.org/10.5021/ ad.2019.31.2.249
27. Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(5):945-73.e33. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2015.12.037
28. Thiboutot D, Del Rosso JQ. Acne vulgaris and the epidermal barrier: is acne vulgaris associated with inherent epidermal abnormalities that cause impairment of barrier functions? Do any topical acne therapies alter the structural and/or functional integrity of the epidermal barrier? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013;6(2):18-24.
29. Thyssen JP, Nymand LK, Maul JT. Incidence, prevalence and risk of acne in adolescent and adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a matched cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2022;36(6):890-896.
30. Dréno B, Bettoli B, Araviiskaia E, et al. The influence of the exposome on acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2018;32(5):812-819. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14820.
31. Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31(Suppl 5): 8-12.
32. Perkins AC, Cheng CE, Hillebrand GG, et al. Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, continental Indian and African American women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2011;25:1054-60.
33. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-73.
34. Abadâ€Casintahan F, Chow SK, Goh CL, et al. Frequency and characteristics of acneâ€related postâ€inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol. 2016; 43(7): 826-828.
35. Tan J, Kang S, Leyden J. Prevalence and risk factors of acne scarring among patients consulting dermatologists in the Unites States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(2):97-102.
36. Dréno B, Bissonnete R, Tan J, et al. Prevention and reduction of atrophic acne scars with adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in subjects with moderate or severe facial acne: Results of a 6-month randomized, vehicle-controlled trial using intra-individual comparison. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19:275-286. doi: 10.1007/ s40257-018-0352-y
37. Alexis AF, Woolery-Lloyd H, Williams K, et al. Racial/ethnic variations in acne: Implications for treatment and skin care recommendations for acne patients with skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(7):716-725. doi:10.36849/JDD.6169
38. Baldwin HE, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF, et al. The effects of culture, skin color, and other nonclinical issues on acne treatment. Semi Cutan Med Surg. 30:S12-S15:12
39. Del Rosso JQ. Clinical relevance of skin barrier changes associated with the use of oral isotretinoin: the importance of barrier repair therapy in patient management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(6):626- 31.
40. Dreno B, Araviiskaia E, Kerob D, et al. Nonprescription acne vulgaris treatments: Their role in our treatment armamentarium--An international panel discussion. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(9):2201-2211. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13497
41. Andriessen A, Rodas AC, Gonzalez CG, et al. Over-the-counter products for acne treatment and maintenance in Latin America: A review of current clinical practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):1- 9. doi: 10.36849/JDD.2021.5779
7. Skroza N, Tolino E, Potenza C et al. Adult acne versus adolescent acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(1):21-25.
8. Perkins AC, Maglione J, Hillebrand GG, et al. Acne vulgaris in women: prevalence across the life span. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(2):223–230.
9. Alexis AF, Harper JC, Stein Gold LF, et al. Treating acne in patients with skin of color. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018;37(Supp3):S71- S73.
10. Schachner LA, Andriessen A, Hebert AA, et al. The many faces of pediatric acne: How to tailor nonprescription acne treatment and skincare using cleansers and moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(6):602-612. doi: 10.36849/JDD.6872
11. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, et al. Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(5):494-504. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13116.
12. Tamayo CS, Janniger CK, Micali G, et al. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris: an update. Cutis. 2014;94(1):13-16.
13. Piggott CDS, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW. Acne in children. In: Shalita AR, Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, eds. Acne Vulgaris. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2011:182–197.
14. Thiboutot DM, Dreno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the global alliance to improve outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2S1):S1-23.
15. Pappas A, et al. Seasonal changes in epidermal ceramides are linked to impaired barrier function in acne patients. Experimental Dermatol. 2018;27(8):833-836.
16. Lynde CW, Andriessen A, Barankin B, et al. Moisturizers and ceramide-containing moisturizers may offer concomitant therapy with benefits. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):18-26.
17. Araviiskaia E, Dreno B. The role of dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016; 30, 926-935.
18. Kelleher M, Dunn-Galvin A, Hourihane JQ, et al. Skin barrier dysfunction measured through Transepidermal water loss at 2 days and 2 months predates and predicts atopic dermatitis at 1 year. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:930-935.
19. Cices A, Bayers S, Verzi AE, et al. Poisoning through pediatric skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(3):391-403.
20. Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:371-88.
21. Bree AF, Siegfried EC. Acne vulgaris in preadolescent children: recommendations for evaluation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:27-32.
22. Lovaszi M, Szegedi A, Zouboulis CC, et al. Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids. Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):e1375636.
23. Elsaie ML. Hormonal treatment of acne vulgaris: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:241-248.
24. Parikh SA, Davis SA, Krowchuck DP, et al. Common use of prescription off-label acne therapy in children younger than 12 years old. Ped Derm. 2014;31(5):551-555.
25. Karciauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S, Gollnick H, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: A cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:733-740.
26. Eun DH, Kim JY, Jang YH, et al. Clinical investigation on preadolescent acne. Korean Dermatol Association and Korean Society Invest Dermatol. 2019;31(2):249-251. https://doi.org/10.5021/ ad.2019.31.2.249
27. Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(5):945-73.e33. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2015.12.037
28. Thiboutot D, Del Rosso JQ. Acne vulgaris and the epidermal barrier: is acne vulgaris associated with inherent epidermal abnormalities that cause impairment of barrier functions? Do any topical acne therapies alter the structural and/or functional integrity of the epidermal barrier? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013;6(2):18-24.
29. Thyssen JP, Nymand LK, Maul JT. Incidence, prevalence and risk of acne in adolescent and adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a matched cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2022;36(6):890-896.
30. Dréno B, Bettoli B, Araviiskaia E, et al. The influence of the exposome on acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2018;32(5):812-819. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14820.
31. Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31(Suppl 5): 8-12.
32. Perkins AC, Cheng CE, Hillebrand GG, et al. Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, continental Indian and African American women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2011;25:1054-60.
33. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-73.
34. Abadâ€Casintahan F, Chow SK, Goh CL, et al. Frequency and characteristics of acneâ€related postâ€inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol. 2016; 43(7): 826-828.
35. Tan J, Kang S, Leyden J. Prevalence and risk factors of acne scarring among patients consulting dermatologists in the Unites States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(2):97-102.
36. Dréno B, Bissonnete R, Tan J, et al. Prevention and reduction of atrophic acne scars with adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in subjects with moderate or severe facial acne: Results of a 6-month randomized, vehicle-controlled trial using intra-individual comparison. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19:275-286. doi: 10.1007/ s40257-018-0352-y
37. Alexis AF, Woolery-Lloyd H, Williams K, et al. Racial/ethnic variations in acne: Implications for treatment and skin care recommendations for acne patients with skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(7):716-725. doi:10.36849/JDD.6169
38. Baldwin HE, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF, et al. The effects of culture, skin color, and other nonclinical issues on acne treatment. Semi Cutan Med Surg. 30:S12-S15:12
39. Del Rosso JQ. Clinical relevance of skin barrier changes associated with the use of oral isotretinoin: the importance of barrier repair therapy in patient management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(6):626- 31.
40. Dreno B, Araviiskaia E, Kerob D, et al. Nonprescription acne vulgaris treatments: Their role in our treatment armamentarium--An international panel discussion. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(9):2201-2211. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13497
41. Andriessen A, Rodas AC, Gonzalez CG, et al. Over-the-counter products for acne treatment and maintenance in Latin America: A review of current clinical practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):1- 9. doi: 10.36849/JDD.2021.5779
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Lawrence A. Schachner MD FAAD FAAP LSchachn@med.miami.edu
