region/practice setting (outpatient vs hospital-based) associated with microbial epidemiology.24,25,46-48
The treatment of pain and anesthesia for nonenergy and injectable procedures should be at the treating physician's discretion and is dependent on the patient and the type of treatment administered.49-53
Section 4: Post-Procedural Care
Operator education and experience reduce complications from nonenergy and injectable treatments.5-8,12-25 The duration and severity of nonenergy treatment-related AEs duration and severity are affected by many factors, such as the patient's preexisting systemic health conditions, the type of treatment performed, and the settings of the device (eg, intensities, depth of passes).24 Many clinicians may not be aware of proper techniques and critical anatomy. Common AEs are purpura, hematoma and edema.24 Common areas most likely to develop edema after treatment are under the eyes and in the neck.24,30,33,36,50 The edema usually subsides within 3–5 days and regular use of icepacks may help.24 AEs signs and symptoms may be resolved in a few days or take up to several weeks (Table 3).36 The lack of consistency or standard for postcare protocols may contribute to the variability in AE severity and healing times.24,36
Epidemiological studies on injectables-related AEs report significant variations in incidence.20,25,54-60 After injectable treatments, hematoma has been reported to occur in 19% to 68% of cases.23,54 Other common complications compiled from the MAUDE database between January 2007 and July 2017 associated with dermal fillers are nodules (2952), infection (2575), inflammation (711), and allergic reactions.56 More severe AEs include vision loss, blindness, and facial skin necrosis.54,56-60 The rates of AEs may be much higher as many disciplines are involved in the administration of injectables and may not be fully aware of the proper techniques and risks associated with each product.56
Another study found that infections, including biofilms,
