REFERENCES
1. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Coleman WP, et al. Multicenter, randomized, phase III study of a single dose of incobotulinumtoxinA, free from complexing proteins, in the treatment of glabellar frown lines. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(4):551-558. doi:10.1111/dsu.12100
2. Hanke CW, Narins RS, Brandt F, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III trial investigating the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines using a stringent composite endpoint. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(6):891-899. doi:10.1111/dsu.12160
3. Jones D, Carruthers J, Narins RS. Efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA for treatment of glabellar frown lines: A post hoc pooled analysis of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40:776- 785.
4. Jimenez-Shahed J. A new treatment for focal dystonias: IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin ), a botulinum neurotoxin type A free from complexing proteins. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:13-25. doi:10.2147/NDT.S16085
5. Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56(1):80-99. doi:10.1128/mr.56.1.80-99.1992
6. Hambleton P. Clostridium botulinum toxins: A general review of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. J Neurol. 1992;239(1):16-20. doi:10.1007/BF00839205
7. Frevert J, Ahn KY, Park MY, Sunga O. Comparison of botulinum neurotoxin type A formulations in Asia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:327- 331. doi:10.2147/CCID.S160723
8. Dessy LA, Fallico N, Mazzocchi M, Scuderi N. Botulinum toxin for glabellar lines: a review of the efficacy and safety of currently available products. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(6):377-388. doi:10.2165/11592100-000000000- 00000
9. Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: A review of the evidence. Biologics. 2014;8:227-241. doi:10.2147/BTT.S65603
10. Frevert J. Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products. Drugs R D. 2015;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1007/s40268- 014-0077-1
11. Wanitphakdeedecha R, Ungaksornpairote C, Kaewkes A, Sathaworawong A, Vanadurongwan B, Lektrakul N. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(6):984-990. doi:10.1111/jocd.12787
12. Zhang L, Lin W-J, Li S, Aoki KR. Complete DNA sequences of the botulinum neurotoxin complex of clostridium botulinum type A-Hall (Allergan) strain. Gene. 2003;315:21-32. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00792-3
13. Kerscher M, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Trindade de Almeida A, Maas C, Frevert J. IncobotulinumtoxinA: A highly purified and precisely manufactured botulinum neurotoxin type A. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):52-57.
14. Xie J, Bi Y, Zhang H, et al. Cell-penetrating peptides in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases: From preclinical research to clinical application. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00697
15. Polacco MA, Singleton AE, Barnes CH, Maas C, Maas CS. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial to determine effects of increasing doses and doseresponse relationship of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar rhytids. Aesthet Surg J. Jul. 2020;28:sjaa220. doi:10.1093/asj/sjaa220.
16. Kerscher M, Fabi S, Fischer T, et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA demonstrates safety and prolonged duration of effect in a dose-ranging study for glabellar lines. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(10):985-991. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5454
17. Keller JE. Recovery from botulinum neurotoxin poisoning in vivo. Neuroscience. 2006;139(2):629-637. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.029
18. Joseph JH, Eaton LL, Robinson J, Pontius A, Williams EF. Does increasing the dose of abobotulinumtoxina impact the duration of effectiveness for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines? J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(12):1544-1549.
19. Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S, et al. Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines: A phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with onabotulinumtoxinA and placebo. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(11):1321-1331. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000001206
20. Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Joseph JH, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: Results from each of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(1):45-58. doi:10.1097/ PRS.0000000000006327
21. Cox SE, Joseph JH, Fagien S. Safety, Pharmacodynamic Response, and Treatment Satisfaction with OnabotulinumtoxinA 40 U, 60 U, and 80 U in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Dynamic Glabellar Lines. Poster presented at: 2020 Virtual ASDS Meeting.
22. Solish N, Bertucci V, Humphrey S. Two phase 3, randomized doubleblind, placebo controlled, multi-center trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of daxibotulinumtoxinA for injection to treat moderate to severe glabellar lines (SAKURA 1 and 2). Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.
23. Wissel J, Bensmail D, Ferreira JJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA doses up to 800 U in limb spasticity: The TOWER study. Neurology. 2017;88(14):1321-1328. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003789
24. Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology. 1995;45(9):1743-1746. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.9.1743
25. Prawdzik G, Oliyai C, Joshi A. Nonclinical overview of daxibotulinumtoxinA for injection to support registration for human use. Poster presented at: “TOXINS 2019 Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Botulinum and Other Neurotoxins.†2019;Copenhagen, Denmark.
26. Fabi SG, Cohen JL, Green LJ, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: Efficacy results from SAKURA 3, a large, openlabel, phase 3 safety study. Dermatol Surg. 2021;47(1):48-54. doi:10.1097/ DSS.0000000000002531
27. Wissel J. Towards flexible and tailored botulinum neurotoxin dosing regimens for focal dystonia and spasticity - Insights from recent studies. Toxicon. 2018;147:100-106. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.018
2. Hanke CW, Narins RS, Brandt F, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III trial investigating the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines using a stringent composite endpoint. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(6):891-899. doi:10.1111/dsu.12160
3. Jones D, Carruthers J, Narins RS. Efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA for treatment of glabellar frown lines: A post hoc pooled analysis of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40:776- 785.
4. Jimenez-Shahed J. A new treatment for focal dystonias: IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin ), a botulinum neurotoxin type A free from complexing proteins. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:13-25. doi:10.2147/NDT.S16085
5. Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56(1):80-99. doi:10.1128/mr.56.1.80-99.1992
6. Hambleton P. Clostridium botulinum toxins: A general review of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. J Neurol. 1992;239(1):16-20. doi:10.1007/BF00839205
7. Frevert J, Ahn KY, Park MY, Sunga O. Comparison of botulinum neurotoxin type A formulations in Asia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:327- 331. doi:10.2147/CCID.S160723
8. Dessy LA, Fallico N, Mazzocchi M, Scuderi N. Botulinum toxin for glabellar lines: a review of the efficacy and safety of currently available products. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(6):377-388. doi:10.2165/11592100-000000000- 00000
9. Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: A review of the evidence. Biologics. 2014;8:227-241. doi:10.2147/BTT.S65603
10. Frevert J. Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products. Drugs R D. 2015;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1007/s40268- 014-0077-1
11. Wanitphakdeedecha R, Ungaksornpairote C, Kaewkes A, Sathaworawong A, Vanadurongwan B, Lektrakul N. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(6):984-990. doi:10.1111/jocd.12787
12. Zhang L, Lin W-J, Li S, Aoki KR. Complete DNA sequences of the botulinum neurotoxin complex of clostridium botulinum type A-Hall (Allergan) strain. Gene. 2003;315:21-32. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00792-3
13. Kerscher M, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Trindade de Almeida A, Maas C, Frevert J. IncobotulinumtoxinA: A highly purified and precisely manufactured botulinum neurotoxin type A. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):52-57.
14. Xie J, Bi Y, Zhang H, et al. Cell-penetrating peptides in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases: From preclinical research to clinical application. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00697
15. Polacco MA, Singleton AE, Barnes CH, Maas C, Maas CS. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial to determine effects of increasing doses and doseresponse relationship of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar rhytids. Aesthet Surg J. Jul. 2020;28:sjaa220. doi:10.1093/asj/sjaa220.
16. Kerscher M, Fabi S, Fischer T, et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA demonstrates safety and prolonged duration of effect in a dose-ranging study for glabellar lines. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(10):985-991. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5454
17. Keller JE. Recovery from botulinum neurotoxin poisoning in vivo. Neuroscience. 2006;139(2):629-637. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.029
18. Joseph JH, Eaton LL, Robinson J, Pontius A, Williams EF. Does increasing the dose of abobotulinumtoxina impact the duration of effectiveness for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines? J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(12):1544-1549.
19. Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S, et al. Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines: A phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with onabotulinumtoxinA and placebo. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(11):1321-1331. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000001206
20. Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Joseph JH, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: Results from each of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(1):45-58. doi:10.1097/ PRS.0000000000006327
21. Cox SE, Joseph JH, Fagien S. Safety, Pharmacodynamic Response, and Treatment Satisfaction with OnabotulinumtoxinA 40 U, 60 U, and 80 U in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Dynamic Glabellar Lines. Poster presented at: 2020 Virtual ASDS Meeting.
22. Solish N, Bertucci V, Humphrey S. Two phase 3, randomized doubleblind, placebo controlled, multi-center trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of daxibotulinumtoxinA for injection to treat moderate to severe glabellar lines (SAKURA 1 and 2). Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.
23. Wissel J, Bensmail D, Ferreira JJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA doses up to 800 U in limb spasticity: The TOWER study. Neurology. 2017;88(14):1321-1328. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003789
24. Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology. 1995;45(9):1743-1746. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.9.1743
25. Prawdzik G, Oliyai C, Joshi A. Nonclinical overview of daxibotulinumtoxinA for injection to support registration for human use. Poster presented at: “TOXINS 2019 Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Botulinum and Other Neurotoxins.†2019;Copenhagen, Denmark.
26. Fabi SG, Cohen JL, Green LJ, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: Efficacy results from SAKURA 3, a large, openlabel, phase 3 safety study. Dermatol Surg. 2021;47(1):48-54. doi:10.1097/ DSS.0000000000002531
27. Wissel J. Towards flexible and tailored botulinum neurotoxin dosing regimens for focal dystonia and spasticity - Insights from recent studies. Toxicon. 2018;147:100-106. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.018
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Martina Kerscher MD PhD martina.kerscher@uni-hamburg.de
