2. Roos TC, Jugert FK, Merk HF, Bickers DR. Retinoid metabolism in the skin. Pharmacol Rev. 1998;50(2):315-333.
3. Hubinger JC. Determination of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in consumer cosmetic products. J Cosmet Sci. 2009;60(5):485-500.
4. Isaacman S, Isaacman M, Smith, P. Review and modern advances of retinoids for cosmetics. Cosmetics & Toiletries. 2014;129:46-50.
5. Kang S, Duell EA, Fisher GJ, et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(4):549-556.
6. Bellemère G, Stamatas GN, Bruère V, et al. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;22(4):200-209.
7. Gehring W. Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3(2):88-93.
8. Swindell WR, Bojanowski K, Chaudhuri RK. A standardized Terminalia chebula fruit extract alters the expression of genes associated with skin architecture and barrier formation. Eur J Dermatol. 2020;30(5):469-492.
3. Hubinger JC. Determination of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in consumer cosmetic products. J Cosmet Sci. 2009;60(5):485-500.
4. Isaacman S, Isaacman M, Smith, P. Review and modern advances of retinoids for cosmetics. Cosmetics & Toiletries. 2014;129:46-50.
5. Kang S, Duell EA, Fisher GJ, et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(4):549-556.
6. Bellemère G, Stamatas GN, Bruère V, et al. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;22(4):200-209.
7. Gehring W. Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3(2):88-93.
8. Swindell WR, Bojanowski K, Chaudhuri RK. A standardized Terminalia chebula fruit extract alters the expression of genes associated with skin architecture and barrier formation. Eur J Dermatol. 2020;30(5):469-492.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Alison Adams-Woodford BA LE aadams@pcaskin.com