19. Kim BR, Chun MY, Kim SA, Youn SW. Sebum secretion of the trunk and the development of truncal acne in women: do truncal acne and sebum affect each other? Dermatology. 2015;231(1):87-93. doi:10.1159/000382125
20. Kim SA, Kim BR, Chun MY, Youn SW. Relation between ph in the trunk and face: truncal ph can be easily predicted from facial ph. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28(2):216. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.2.216
21. Prakash C, Bhargava P, Tiwari S, Majumdar B, Bhargava RK. Skin surface ph in acne vulgaris: insights from an observational study and review of the literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):33- 39.
22. Youn SH, Choi CW, Choi JW, Youn SW. The skin surface pH and its different influence on acne lesion development according to gender and age. Skin Res Technol. 2013;19(2):131-136. doi:10.1111/ srt.12023
23. Yosipovitch G, Maibach HI Skin surface pH: A protective acid mantle: An acidic skin-surface pH promotes barrier function and fights infection. Cosmetics and toiletries. 1996;111(12):101-102.
24. Bikowski J. Back in the spotlight: effective options for truncal acne. Practical Dermatology. Published February 2010. Accessed August 1, 2022. https://practicaldermatology.com/articles/2010-feb/backin- the-spotlight-effective-options-for-truncal-acne/pdf
25. Short RW, Agredano YZ, Choi JM, Kimball AB. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study to evaluate the effect of exercise-induced sweat on truncal acne. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(1):126-128. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00604.x
26. Burke BM, Cunliffe WJ. The assessment of acne vulgaris— the Leeds technique. Br J Dermatol. 1984;111(1):83-92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04020.x
27. Tan JKL, Tang J, Fung K, et al. Development and validation of a scale for acne scar severity (Scar-s) of the face and trunk. J Cutan Med Surg. 2010;14(4):156-160. doi:10.2310/7750.2010.09037
28. Auffret N, Nguyen JM, Leccia M â€T., Claudel JP, Dréno B. TRASS: a global approach to assess the severity of truncal acne. Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(6):897-904. doi:10.1111/jdv.18009
29. Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ. The effect of benzoyl peroxide 9.8% emollient foam on reduction of Propionibacterium acnes on the back using a short contact therapy approach. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(7):830-833.
30. Bikowski J. A review of the safety and efficacy of benzoyl peroxide (5.3%) emollient foam in the management of truncal acne vulgaris. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(11):26-29.
31. What is the role of benzoyl peroxide cleansers in acne management?: do they decrease propionibacterium acnes counts? Do they reduce acne lesions? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008;1(4):48-51.
32. Gold M. Survey results of compliance, preference, and satisfaction in patients prescribed benzoyl peroxide 8% wash and benzoyl peroxide 9% cleanser for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Poster presented at: American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; March 2006; San Francisco, California.
33. Resh W, Stoughton RB. Topically applied antibiotics in acne vulgaris: clinical response and suppression of Corynebacterium acnes in open comedones. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112(2):182-184.
34. Norris JFB, Hughes BR, Basey AJ, Cunliffe WJ. A comparison of the effectiveness of topical tetracycline, benzoyl-peroxide gel and oral oxytetracycline in the treatment of acne. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991;16(1):31-33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00290.x
35. Fernandez-Obregon, A. C. (2000). Azithromycin for the treatment of acne. International Journal of Dermatology. 39(1), 45–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00749.x
36. Bottomley WW, Cunliffe WJ. Oral trimethoprim as a third-line antibiotic in the management of acne vulgaris. Dermatology. 1993;187(3):193-196. doi: 10.1159/000247241
37. Hughes BR, Murphy CE, Barnett J, Cunliffe WJ. Strategy of acne therapy with long-term antibiotics. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121(5):623- 628. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb08194.x
38. Greenwood R, Burke B, Cunliffe WJ. Evaluation of a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acne vulgaris with conventional therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1986;114(3):353-358. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2133.1986.tb02827.x
39. Garner SE, Eady A, Bennett C, Newton JN, Thomas K, Popescu CM. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Cochrane Skin Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Published online August 15, 2012. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002086.pub2
40. Del Rosso JQ. Truncal acne vulgaris: the relative roles of topical and systemic antibiotic therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):148- 151.
41. St. Surin-Lord S, Miller J. Topical treatment of truncal acne with tretinoin lotion 0. 05% and azelaic acid foam. Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine. 2020;2020:1-5. doi: 10.1155/2020/5217567
42. Balmer JE, Blomhoff R. Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. Journal of Lipid Research. 2002;43(11):1773-1808. doi: 10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200
43. Dreno B, Chavda R, Julia V, Khammari A, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Krishnaswamy JK. Transcriptomics analysis indicates trifarotene reverses acne-related gene expression changes. Front Med. 2021;8:745822. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745822
44. Duvic M, Nagpal S, Asano AT, Chandraratna RA. Molecular mechanisms of tazarotene action in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(2 Pt 3):S18-24.
45. Baldwin H, Webster G, Stein Gold L, Callender V, Cook-Bolden FE, Guenin E. 50 years of topical retinoids for acne: evolution of treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(3):315-327. doi: 10.1007/ s40257-021-00594-8
46. Goulden V, Clark SM, McGeown C, Cunliffe WJ. Treatment of acne with intermittent isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(1):106-108.
47. Cunliffe WJ, Glass D, Goode K, Stables GI, Boorman GC. A double-blind investigation of the potential systemic absorption of isotretinoin, when combined with chemical sunscreens, following topical application to patients with widespread acne of the face and trunk. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001;81(1):14-17. doi: 10.1080/000155501750208119
48. Jih M, Kimyai-Asadi A. Laser treatment of acne vulgaris. Seminars in Plastic Surgery. 2007;21(3):167-174. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-991185
49. Friedmann DP, Goldman MP, Fabi SG, Guiha I. A retrospective study of multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Skinmed. 2017;15(2):105-111.
50. Yew YW, Lai YC, Lim YL, Chong WS, Theng C. Photodynamic therapy with topical 5% 5-aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of truncal acne in asian patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(6):727- 732.
20. Kim SA, Kim BR, Chun MY, Youn SW. Relation between ph in the trunk and face: truncal ph can be easily predicted from facial ph. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28(2):216. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.2.216
21. Prakash C, Bhargava P, Tiwari S, Majumdar B, Bhargava RK. Skin surface ph in acne vulgaris: insights from an observational study and review of the literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):33- 39.
22. Youn SH, Choi CW, Choi JW, Youn SW. The skin surface pH and its different influence on acne lesion development according to gender and age. Skin Res Technol. 2013;19(2):131-136. doi:10.1111/ srt.12023
23. Yosipovitch G, Maibach HI Skin surface pH: A protective acid mantle: An acidic skin-surface pH promotes barrier function and fights infection. Cosmetics and toiletries. 1996;111(12):101-102.
24. Bikowski J. Back in the spotlight: effective options for truncal acne. Practical Dermatology. Published February 2010. Accessed August 1, 2022. https://practicaldermatology.com/articles/2010-feb/backin- the-spotlight-effective-options-for-truncal-acne/pdf
25. Short RW, Agredano YZ, Choi JM, Kimball AB. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study to evaluate the effect of exercise-induced sweat on truncal acne. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(1):126-128. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00604.x
26. Burke BM, Cunliffe WJ. The assessment of acne vulgaris— the Leeds technique. Br J Dermatol. 1984;111(1):83-92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04020.x
27. Tan JKL, Tang J, Fung K, et al. Development and validation of a scale for acne scar severity (Scar-s) of the face and trunk. J Cutan Med Surg. 2010;14(4):156-160. doi:10.2310/7750.2010.09037
28. Auffret N, Nguyen JM, Leccia M â€T., Claudel JP, Dréno B. TRASS: a global approach to assess the severity of truncal acne. Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(6):897-904. doi:10.1111/jdv.18009
29. Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ. The effect of benzoyl peroxide 9.8% emollient foam on reduction of Propionibacterium acnes on the back using a short contact therapy approach. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(7):830-833.
30. Bikowski J. A review of the safety and efficacy of benzoyl peroxide (5.3%) emollient foam in the management of truncal acne vulgaris. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(11):26-29.
31. What is the role of benzoyl peroxide cleansers in acne management?: do they decrease propionibacterium acnes counts? Do they reduce acne lesions? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008;1(4):48-51.
32. Gold M. Survey results of compliance, preference, and satisfaction in patients prescribed benzoyl peroxide 8% wash and benzoyl peroxide 9% cleanser for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Poster presented at: American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; March 2006; San Francisco, California.
33. Resh W, Stoughton RB. Topically applied antibiotics in acne vulgaris: clinical response and suppression of Corynebacterium acnes in open comedones. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112(2):182-184.
34. Norris JFB, Hughes BR, Basey AJ, Cunliffe WJ. A comparison of the effectiveness of topical tetracycline, benzoyl-peroxide gel and oral oxytetracycline in the treatment of acne. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991;16(1):31-33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00290.x
35. Fernandez-Obregon, A. C. (2000). Azithromycin for the treatment of acne. International Journal of Dermatology. 39(1), 45–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00749.x
36. Bottomley WW, Cunliffe WJ. Oral trimethoprim as a third-line antibiotic in the management of acne vulgaris. Dermatology. 1993;187(3):193-196. doi: 10.1159/000247241
37. Hughes BR, Murphy CE, Barnett J, Cunliffe WJ. Strategy of acne therapy with long-term antibiotics. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121(5):623- 628. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb08194.x
38. Greenwood R, Burke B, Cunliffe WJ. Evaluation of a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acne vulgaris with conventional therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1986;114(3):353-358. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2133.1986.tb02827.x
39. Garner SE, Eady A, Bennett C, Newton JN, Thomas K, Popescu CM. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Cochrane Skin Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Published online August 15, 2012. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002086.pub2
40. Del Rosso JQ. Truncal acne vulgaris: the relative roles of topical and systemic antibiotic therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):148- 151.
41. St. Surin-Lord S, Miller J. Topical treatment of truncal acne with tretinoin lotion 0. 05% and azelaic acid foam. Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine. 2020;2020:1-5. doi: 10.1155/2020/5217567
42. Balmer JE, Blomhoff R. Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. Journal of Lipid Research. 2002;43(11):1773-1808. doi: 10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200
43. Dreno B, Chavda R, Julia V, Khammari A, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Krishnaswamy JK. Transcriptomics analysis indicates trifarotene reverses acne-related gene expression changes. Front Med. 2021;8:745822. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745822
44. Duvic M, Nagpal S, Asano AT, Chandraratna RA. Molecular mechanisms of tazarotene action in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(2 Pt 3):S18-24.
45. Baldwin H, Webster G, Stein Gold L, Callender V, Cook-Bolden FE, Guenin E. 50 years of topical retinoids for acne: evolution of treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(3):315-327. doi: 10.1007/ s40257-021-00594-8
46. Goulden V, Clark SM, McGeown C, Cunliffe WJ. Treatment of acne with intermittent isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(1):106-108.
47. Cunliffe WJ, Glass D, Goode K, Stables GI, Boorman GC. A double-blind investigation of the potential systemic absorption of isotretinoin, when combined with chemical sunscreens, following topical application to patients with widespread acne of the face and trunk. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001;81(1):14-17. doi: 10.1080/000155501750208119
48. Jih M, Kimyai-Asadi A. Laser treatment of acne vulgaris. Seminars in Plastic Surgery. 2007;21(3):167-174. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-991185
49. Friedmann DP, Goldman MP, Fabi SG, Guiha I. A retrospective study of multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Skinmed. 2017;15(2):105-111.
50. Yew YW, Lai YC, Lim YL, Chong WS, Theng C. Photodynamic therapy with topical 5% 5-aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of truncal acne in asian patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(6):727- 732.
