16. Silverberg JI, Hanifin J, Simpson EL. Climatic factors are associated with childhood eczema prevalence in the United States. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(7):1752-1759.
17. Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67-73.
18. Deckers IAG, McLean S, Linssen S, Mommers M, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A. Investigating international time trends in the incidence and prevalence of atopic eczema 1990-2010: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39803-e39803.
19. Wallach D, Taïeb A. Atopic dermatitis/atopic eczema. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;100:81-96.
20. Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Simpson LJ, et al. Interleukin-4 production by follicular helper T cells requires the conserved Il4 enhancer hypersensitivity site V. Immunity. 2012;36(2):175-187.
21. Taïeb A. Hypothesis: from epidermal barrier dysfunction to atopic disorders. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;41(4):177-180.
22. Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR. Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermat. 1999;10(3):119-126.
23. Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. Skin Barrier Function and Atopic Dermatitis. Current Dermatology Reports. 2018;7.
24. Kim D, Lee NR, Park S-Y, et al. As in atopic dermatitis, nonlesional skin in allergic contact dermatitis displays abnormalities in barrier function and ceramide content. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(3):748-750.
25. Kapur S, Watson W, Carr S. Atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):52-52.
26. Proksch E, Fölster-Holst R, Jensen J-M. Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43(3):159-169.
27. Weidinger S, Beck LA, Bieber T, Kabashima K, Irvine AD. Atopic dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):1-1.
28. Suárez-Fariñas M, Tintle SJ, Shemer A, et al. Nonlesional atopic dermatitis skin is characterized by broad terminal differentiation defects and variable immune abnormalities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):954-964.e644.
29. Baldwin HE, Bhatia ND, Friedman A, Eng RM, Seite S. The role of cutaneous microbiota harmony in maintaining a functional skin barrier. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(1):12-18.
30. Weyrich LS, Dixit S, Farrer AG, Cooper AJ, Cooper AJ. The skin microbiome: Associations between altered microbial communities and disease. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(4):268-274.
31. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324(5931):1190-1192.
32. Zapata HJ, Quagliarello VJ. The microbiota and microbiome in aging: potential implications in health and age-related diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(4):776-781.
33. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326(5960):1694-1697.
34. Kong HH, Oh J, Deming C, et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850-859.
35. Valdman-Grinshpoun Y, Ben-Amitai D, Zvulunov A. Barrier-restoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectives. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:923134-923134.
36. Carr WW. Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-310.
37. Stuetz A, Baumann K, Grassberger M, Wolff K, Meingassner JG. Discovery of topical calcineurin inhibitors and pharmacological profile of pimecrolimus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;141(3):199-212.
38. Paller AS, Tom WL, Lebwohl MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, a novel, nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(3):494-503.e496.
39. Ahmed A, Solman L, Williams HC. Magnitude of benefit for topical crisaborole in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults does not look promising: a critical appraisal. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(3):659-662.
40. Sugarman JL. The epidermal barrier in atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27(2):108-114.
41. Coman O, Ungureanu A-M, Coman L. Atopic dermatitis and skin microbiome - new therapeutic approaches. Rom J Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;2:1.
42. Lee J-H, Choi CS, Bae I-H, Choi JK, Park Y-H, Park M. A novel, topical, nonsteroidal, TRPV1 antagonist, PAC-14028 cream improves skin barrier function and exerts anti-inflammatory action through modulating epidermal differentiation markers and suppressing Th2 cytokines in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2018:S0923-1811(0918)30204-30204.
43. Hon KL, Leung AKC, Barankin B. Barrier repair therapy in atopic dermatitis: an overview. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(5):389-399.
44. Panduru M, Panduru NM, Sălăvăstru CM, Tiplica GS. Probiotics and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(2):232-242.
45. Kim S-O, Ah Y-M, Yu YM, Choi KH, Shin W-G, Lee J-Y. Effects of probiotics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(2):217-226.
46. Wang IJ, Wang JY. Children with atopic dermatitis show clinical improvement after Lactobacillus exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(4):779-787.
47. Drago L, De Vecchi E, Toscano M, Vassena C, Altomare G, Pigatto P. Treatment of atopic dermatitis eczema with a high concentration of Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 associated with an innovative gelling complex: a pilot study on adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S47-S51.
48. Niccoli AA, Artesi AL, Candio F, et al. Preliminary results on clinical effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 in children affected by atopic dermatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S34-S36.
49. Volz T, Skabytska Y, Guenova E, et al. Nonpathogenic bacteria alleviating atopic dermatitis inflammation induce IL-10-producing dendritic cells and regulatory Tr1 cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):96-104.
50. Mahe YF, Perez M-J, Tacheau C, et al. A new Vitreoscilla filiformis extract grown on spa water-enriched medium activates endogenous cutaneous antioxidant and antimicrobial defenses through a potential Toll-like receptor 2/protein kinase C, zeta transduction pathway. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:191-196.
51. Gueniche A, Knaudt B, Schuck E, et al. Effects of nonpathogenic gramnegative bacterium Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(6):1357-1363.
52. van Tubergen A, van der Linden S. A brief history of spa therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(3):273-275.
53. Seite S. Thermal waters as cosmeceuticals: La Roche-Posay thermal spring water example. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:23-28.
54. Seite S, Flores GE, Henley JB, et al. Microbiome of affected and unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis before and after emollient treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(11):1365-1372.
55. Seité S, Zelenkova H, Martin R. Clinical efficacy of emollients in atopic dermatitis patients - relationship with the skin microbiota modification. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:25-33.
56. Guttman-Yassky E, Dhingra N, Leung DYM. New era of biologic therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(4):549-561.
17. Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67-73.
18. Deckers IAG, McLean S, Linssen S, Mommers M, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A. Investigating international time trends in the incidence and prevalence of atopic eczema 1990-2010: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39803-e39803.
19. Wallach D, Taïeb A. Atopic dermatitis/atopic eczema. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;100:81-96.
20. Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Simpson LJ, et al. Interleukin-4 production by follicular helper T cells requires the conserved Il4 enhancer hypersensitivity site V. Immunity. 2012;36(2):175-187.
21. Taïeb A. Hypothesis: from epidermal barrier dysfunction to atopic disorders. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;41(4):177-180.
22. Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR. Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermat. 1999;10(3):119-126.
23. Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. Skin Barrier Function and Atopic Dermatitis. Current Dermatology Reports. 2018;7.
24. Kim D, Lee NR, Park S-Y, et al. As in atopic dermatitis, nonlesional skin in allergic contact dermatitis displays abnormalities in barrier function and ceramide content. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(3):748-750.
25. Kapur S, Watson W, Carr S. Atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):52-52.
26. Proksch E, Fölster-Holst R, Jensen J-M. Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43(3):159-169.
27. Weidinger S, Beck LA, Bieber T, Kabashima K, Irvine AD. Atopic dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):1-1.
28. Suárez-Fariñas M, Tintle SJ, Shemer A, et al. Nonlesional atopic dermatitis skin is characterized by broad terminal differentiation defects and variable immune abnormalities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):954-964.e644.
29. Baldwin HE, Bhatia ND, Friedman A, Eng RM, Seite S. The role of cutaneous microbiota harmony in maintaining a functional skin barrier. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(1):12-18.
30. Weyrich LS, Dixit S, Farrer AG, Cooper AJ, Cooper AJ. The skin microbiome: Associations between altered microbial communities and disease. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(4):268-274.
31. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324(5931):1190-1192.
32. Zapata HJ, Quagliarello VJ. The microbiota and microbiome in aging: potential implications in health and age-related diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(4):776-781.
33. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326(5960):1694-1697.
34. Kong HH, Oh J, Deming C, et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850-859.
35. Valdman-Grinshpoun Y, Ben-Amitai D, Zvulunov A. Barrier-restoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectives. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:923134-923134.
36. Carr WW. Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-310.
37. Stuetz A, Baumann K, Grassberger M, Wolff K, Meingassner JG. Discovery of topical calcineurin inhibitors and pharmacological profile of pimecrolimus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;141(3):199-212.
38. Paller AS, Tom WL, Lebwohl MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, a novel, nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(3):494-503.e496.
39. Ahmed A, Solman L, Williams HC. Magnitude of benefit for topical crisaborole in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults does not look promising: a critical appraisal. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(3):659-662.
40. Sugarman JL. The epidermal barrier in atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27(2):108-114.
41. Coman O, Ungureanu A-M, Coman L. Atopic dermatitis and skin microbiome - new therapeutic approaches. Rom J Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;2:1.
42. Lee J-H, Choi CS, Bae I-H, Choi JK, Park Y-H, Park M. A novel, topical, nonsteroidal, TRPV1 antagonist, PAC-14028 cream improves skin barrier function and exerts anti-inflammatory action through modulating epidermal differentiation markers and suppressing Th2 cytokines in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2018:S0923-1811(0918)30204-30204.
43. Hon KL, Leung AKC, Barankin B. Barrier repair therapy in atopic dermatitis: an overview. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(5):389-399.
44. Panduru M, Panduru NM, Sălăvăstru CM, Tiplica GS. Probiotics and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(2):232-242.
45. Kim S-O, Ah Y-M, Yu YM, Choi KH, Shin W-G, Lee J-Y. Effects of probiotics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(2):217-226.
46. Wang IJ, Wang JY. Children with atopic dermatitis show clinical improvement after Lactobacillus exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(4):779-787.
47. Drago L, De Vecchi E, Toscano M, Vassena C, Altomare G, Pigatto P. Treatment of atopic dermatitis eczema with a high concentration of Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 associated with an innovative gelling complex: a pilot study on adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S47-S51.
48. Niccoli AA, Artesi AL, Candio F, et al. Preliminary results on clinical effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 in children affected by atopic dermatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S34-S36.
49. Volz T, Skabytska Y, Guenova E, et al. Nonpathogenic bacteria alleviating atopic dermatitis inflammation induce IL-10-producing dendritic cells and regulatory Tr1 cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):96-104.
50. Mahe YF, Perez M-J, Tacheau C, et al. A new Vitreoscilla filiformis extract grown on spa water-enriched medium activates endogenous cutaneous antioxidant and antimicrobial defenses through a potential Toll-like receptor 2/protein kinase C, zeta transduction pathway. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:191-196.
51. Gueniche A, Knaudt B, Schuck E, et al. Effects of nonpathogenic gramnegative bacterium Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(6):1357-1363.
52. van Tubergen A, van der Linden S. A brief history of spa therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(3):273-275.
53. Seite S. Thermal waters as cosmeceuticals: La Roche-Posay thermal spring water example. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:23-28.
54. Seite S, Flores GE, Henley JB, et al. Microbiome of affected and unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis before and after emollient treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(11):1365-1372.
55. Seité S, Zelenkova H, Martin R. Clinical efficacy of emollients in atopic dermatitis patients - relationship with the skin microbiota modification. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:25-33.
56. Guttman-Yassky E, Dhingra N, Leung DYM. New era of biologic therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(4):549-561.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
