REFERENCES
1. Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, et al. Standard classification and pathophysiology of rosacea: The 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):148-155. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.037
2. Schaller M, Almeida LMC, Bewley A, et al. Recommendations for rosacea diagnosis, classification and management: update from the global ROSacea COnsensus 2019 panel. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(5):1269-1276. doi:10.1111/ bjd.18420
3. Woo YR, Lim JH, Cho DH, Park HJ. Rosacea: molecular mechanisms and management of a chronic cutaneous inflammatory condition. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(9)doi:10.3390/ijms17091562
4. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J, et al. Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: an updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(1):65-79. doi:10.1111/bjd.17590
5. Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):282-289. doi:10.1111/bjd.16481
6. Baldwin H, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, et al. Evidence of barrier deficiency in rosacea and the importance of integrating OTC skincare products into treatment regimens. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):384-392. doi:10.36849/ jdd.2021.5861
7. Alexis AF, Callender VD, Baldwin HE, et al. Global epidemiology and clinical spectrum of rosacea, highlighting skin of color: Review and clinical practice experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1722-1729.e7. doi:10.1016/j. jaad.2018.08.049
8. Lee JB, Moon J, Moon KR, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of rosacea in Korea: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Dermatol. 2018;45(5):546-553. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14281
9. Smith Begolka W, Elston DM, Beutner KR. American Academy of Dermatology evidence-based guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):e105-12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.029 10. Kim NH, Yun SJ, Lee JB. Clinical features of Korean patients with rhinophyma. J Dermatol. 2017;44(6):710-712. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13714
11. Farshchian M, Daveluy S. Rosacea. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
12. Woo YR, Kim HS, Lee SH, et al. Systemic comorbidities in Korean patients with rosacea: results from a multi-institutional case-control study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(10)doi:10.3390/jcm9103336
13. Hung CT, Chiang CP, Chung CH, et al. Risk of psychiatric disorders in rosacea: a nationwide, population-based, cohort study in Taiwan. J Dermatol. 2019;46(2):110-116. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14705
14. Son JH, Chung BY, Jung MJ, et al. The risk of rosacea according to chronic diseases and medications: a 5-year retrospective, multi-institutional case-control study. Ann Dermatol. 2018;30(6):676-687. doi:10.5021/ ad.2018.30.6.676
15. Tan J, Blume-Peytavi U, Ortonne JP, et al. An observational cross-sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(3):555-62. doi:10.1111/bjd.12385
16. Rawlings AV. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function? Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(2):79-93. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 2494.2006.00302.x
17. Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, et al. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-128. doi:10.1016/j. jdermsci.2010.06.003
18. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on the Assessment of Skin Characteristics Study. Cutis. 2009;84(2):72-76.
19. Deng Z, Yan S, Li J, et al. The association between rosacea and the condition of low tolerance to skincare of the facial skin: a case-control study in China. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(3):1171-1177. doi:10.1111/jocd.14178
20. Zuo Z, Wang B, Shen M, et al. Skincare habits and rosacea in 3,439 Chinese adolescents: a university-based cross-sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(6):adv00081. doi:10.2340/00015555-3442
21. Huang YX, Li J, Zhao ZX, et al. Effects of skin care habits on the development of rosacea: A multicenter retrospective case-control survey in Chinese population. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231078. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0231078
22. Li G, Wang B, Zhao Z, et al. Excessive cleansing: an underestimating risk factor of rosacea in Chinese population. Arch Dermatol Res. 2021;313(4):225- 234. doi:10.1007/s00403-020-02095
23. Kim MS, Chang SE, Haw S, Bak H, Kim YJ, Lee MW. Tranexamic acid solution soaking is an excellent approach for rosacea patients: a preliminary observation in 6 patients. J Dermatol. 2013;40(1):70-1. doi:10.1111/j.1346- 8138.2012.01515.x
24. Kim YJ, Moon IJ, Lee HW, et al. The efficacy and safety of dual-frequency ultrasound for improving skin hydration and erythema in patients with rosacea and acne. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4)doi:10.3390/jcm10040834
25. Deng Z, Chen M, Xie H, et al. Claudin reduction may relate to an impaired skin barrier in rosacea. J Dermatol. 2019;46(4):314-321. doi:10.1111/1346- 8138.14792
26. Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-23. doi:10.2165/00128071- 200506040-00002
27. Draelos ZD, Baalbaki NH, Raab S, et al. The effect of a ceramide-containing product on stratum corneum lipid levels in dry legs. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(4):372-376. doi:10.36849/jdd.2020.4796
28. Moisturizing cream. CeraVe. Updated 2022. Accessed May 12, 2022: https:// www.cerave.com/skincare/moisturizers/moisturizing-cream
29. Moisturizing cream, Cetaphil. Galderma. Updated 2022. Accessed May 12, 2022: https://www.cetaphil.com/us/moisturizers/moisturizing-cream
30. Danby S, Andrew P, Kay L, et al. An investigation of the skin barrier restoring effects of a cream containing ceramides in a multi-vesicular emulsion in people with dry, eczema-prone, skin: the RESTORE study phase 2. Presented at: The American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; March 20-24, 2020; Denver, CO.
31. Danby SG, Andrew PV, Kay LJ, et al. Enhancement of stratum corneum lipid structure improves skin barrier function and protects against irritation in adults with dry, eczemaâ€prone skin. Br J Dermatol. 2022;186(5):875-886.
32. Danby SG, Andrew PV, Brown K, et al. An investigation of the skin barrier restoring effects of a cream and lotion containing ceramides in a multivesicular emulsion in people with dry, eczema-prone, skin: the RESTORE study phase 1. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(5):1031-1041. doi:10.1007/ s13555-020-00426-3
33. Schaller M, Almeida LM, Bewley A, et al. Rosacea treatment update: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):465-471. doi:10.1111/bjd.15173
34. Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, et al. Rosacea is characterized by a profoundly diminished skin barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(10):1938- 1950.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025
35. Del Rosso JQ, Tanghetti E, Webster G, et al. Update on the management of rosacea from the American Acne & Rosacea Society (AARS). J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020;13(6 Suppl):S17-s24.
2. Schaller M, Almeida LMC, Bewley A, et al. Recommendations for rosacea diagnosis, classification and management: update from the global ROSacea COnsensus 2019 panel. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(5):1269-1276. doi:10.1111/ bjd.18420
3. Woo YR, Lim JH, Cho DH, Park HJ. Rosacea: molecular mechanisms and management of a chronic cutaneous inflammatory condition. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(9)doi:10.3390/ijms17091562
4. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J, et al. Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: an updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(1):65-79. doi:10.1111/bjd.17590
5. Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):282-289. doi:10.1111/bjd.16481
6. Baldwin H, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, et al. Evidence of barrier deficiency in rosacea and the importance of integrating OTC skincare products into treatment regimens. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):384-392. doi:10.36849/ jdd.2021.5861
7. Alexis AF, Callender VD, Baldwin HE, et al. Global epidemiology and clinical spectrum of rosacea, highlighting skin of color: Review and clinical practice experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1722-1729.e7. doi:10.1016/j. jaad.2018.08.049
8. Lee JB, Moon J, Moon KR, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of rosacea in Korea: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Dermatol. 2018;45(5):546-553. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14281
9. Smith Begolka W, Elston DM, Beutner KR. American Academy of Dermatology evidence-based guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):e105-12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.029 10. Kim NH, Yun SJ, Lee JB. Clinical features of Korean patients with rhinophyma. J Dermatol. 2017;44(6):710-712. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13714
11. Farshchian M, Daveluy S. Rosacea. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
12. Woo YR, Kim HS, Lee SH, et al. Systemic comorbidities in Korean patients with rosacea: results from a multi-institutional case-control study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(10)doi:10.3390/jcm9103336
13. Hung CT, Chiang CP, Chung CH, et al. Risk of psychiatric disorders in rosacea: a nationwide, population-based, cohort study in Taiwan. J Dermatol. 2019;46(2):110-116. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14705
14. Son JH, Chung BY, Jung MJ, et al. The risk of rosacea according to chronic diseases and medications: a 5-year retrospective, multi-institutional case-control study. Ann Dermatol. 2018;30(6):676-687. doi:10.5021/ ad.2018.30.6.676
15. Tan J, Blume-Peytavi U, Ortonne JP, et al. An observational cross-sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(3):555-62. doi:10.1111/bjd.12385
16. Rawlings AV. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function? Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(2):79-93. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 2494.2006.00302.x
17. Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, et al. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-128. doi:10.1016/j. jdermsci.2010.06.003
18. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on the Assessment of Skin Characteristics Study. Cutis. 2009;84(2):72-76.
19. Deng Z, Yan S, Li J, et al. The association between rosacea and the condition of low tolerance to skincare of the facial skin: a case-control study in China. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(3):1171-1177. doi:10.1111/jocd.14178
20. Zuo Z, Wang B, Shen M, et al. Skincare habits and rosacea in 3,439 Chinese adolescents: a university-based cross-sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(6):adv00081. doi:10.2340/00015555-3442
21. Huang YX, Li J, Zhao ZX, et al. Effects of skin care habits on the development of rosacea: A multicenter retrospective case-control survey in Chinese population. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231078. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0231078
22. Li G, Wang B, Zhao Z, et al. Excessive cleansing: an underestimating risk factor of rosacea in Chinese population. Arch Dermatol Res. 2021;313(4):225- 234. doi:10.1007/s00403-020-02095
23. Kim MS, Chang SE, Haw S, Bak H, Kim YJ, Lee MW. Tranexamic acid solution soaking is an excellent approach for rosacea patients: a preliminary observation in 6 patients. J Dermatol. 2013;40(1):70-1. doi:10.1111/j.1346- 8138.2012.01515.x
24. Kim YJ, Moon IJ, Lee HW, et al. The efficacy and safety of dual-frequency ultrasound for improving skin hydration and erythema in patients with rosacea and acne. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4)doi:10.3390/jcm10040834
25. Deng Z, Chen M, Xie H, et al. Claudin reduction may relate to an impaired skin barrier in rosacea. J Dermatol. 2019;46(4):314-321. doi:10.1111/1346- 8138.14792
26. Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-23. doi:10.2165/00128071- 200506040-00002
27. Draelos ZD, Baalbaki NH, Raab S, et al. The effect of a ceramide-containing product on stratum corneum lipid levels in dry legs. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(4):372-376. doi:10.36849/jdd.2020.4796
28. Moisturizing cream. CeraVe. Updated 2022. Accessed May 12, 2022: https:// www.cerave.com/skincare/moisturizers/moisturizing-cream
29. Moisturizing cream, Cetaphil. Galderma. Updated 2022. Accessed May 12, 2022: https://www.cetaphil.com/us/moisturizers/moisturizing-cream
30. Danby S, Andrew P, Kay L, et al. An investigation of the skin barrier restoring effects of a cream containing ceramides in a multi-vesicular emulsion in people with dry, eczema-prone, skin: the RESTORE study phase 2. Presented at: The American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; March 20-24, 2020; Denver, CO.
31. Danby SG, Andrew PV, Kay LJ, et al. Enhancement of stratum corneum lipid structure improves skin barrier function and protects against irritation in adults with dry, eczemaâ€prone skin. Br J Dermatol. 2022;186(5):875-886.
32. Danby SG, Andrew PV, Brown K, et al. An investigation of the skin barrier restoring effects of a cream and lotion containing ceramides in a multivesicular emulsion in people with dry, eczema-prone, skin: the RESTORE study phase 1. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(5):1031-1041. doi:10.1007/ s13555-020-00426-3
33. Schaller M, Almeida LM, Bewley A, et al. Rosacea treatment update: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):465-471. doi:10.1111/bjd.15173
34. Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, et al. Rosacea is characterized by a profoundly diminished skin barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(10):1938- 1950.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025
35. Del Rosso JQ, Tanghetti E, Webster G, et al. Update on the management of rosacea from the American Acne & Rosacea Society (AARS). J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020;13(6 Suppl):S17-s24.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
