REFERENCES
1. Gupta AK, Paquet M. Management of onychomycosis in Canada in 2014. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19(3):260-273.
2. Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, et al. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4):641-648.
3. Rosen T, Friedlander SF, Kircik L, et al. Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment in a changing landscape. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(3):223-233.
4. Gupta AK, Stec N. Recent advances in therapies for onychomycosis and its management. F1000Res. 2019;8.
5. Tosti A, Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: Practical approaches to minimize relapse and recurrence. Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;2(1-2):83-87.
6. Narasimha Murthy S, Wiskirchen DE, Bowers CP. Iontophoretic drug delivery across human nail. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96(2):305-311.
7. Lamisil® (terbinafine hydrchloride) oral tablets. US prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: 2017.
8. Sporanox® (itraconazole) oral tablets. US prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC: Stiefel Laboratories, Inc: 2010.
9. Singh S, Chandra U, Anchan VN, et al. Limited effectiveness of four oral antifungal drugs (fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole and terbinafine) in the current epidemic of altered dermatophytosis in India: results of a randomized pragmatic trial. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(5):840-846.
10. Gu D, Hatch M, Ghannoum M, Elewski BE. Treatment-resistant dermatophytosis: A representative case highlighting an emerging public health threat. JAAD Case Rep. 2020;6(11):1153-1155.
11. Pariser D, Scher RK, Elewski B, Rich P. Promoting and maintaining or restoring healthy nails: Practical recommendations for clinicians and patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2013;32(2 Suppl 1):S13-14.
12. Ameen M, Lear JT, Madan V, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):937-958.
13. Scher RK, Tosti A, Joseph WS, et al. Onychomycosis diagnosis and management: Perspectives from a joint dermatology-podiatry roundtable. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(9):1016-1021.
14. Vlahovic TC, Joseph WS, Scher RK, et al. Diagnosis and management of onychomycosis: Perspectives from a joint podiatry-dermatology roundtable. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2016;106(2):155-162.
15. Gupta AK, Sibbald RG, Andriessen A, et al. Toenail onychomycosis-a canadian approach with a new transungual treatment: Development of a clinical pathway. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19(5):440-449.
16. Gupta AK, Versteeg SG, Shear NH. Onychomycosis in the 21st century: An update on diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(6):525-539.
17. Jublia® (efinaconazole) topical solution 10%. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Bausch Health US, LLC: 2020.
18. Kerydin® (tavaborole) topical solution 5%. US prescribing information. Melville, NY: PharmaDerm: 2018.
19. Monod M, Mehul B. Recent findings in onychomycosis and their application for appropriate treatment. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;5(1).
20. Westerberg DP, Voyack MJ. Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):762-770.
21. Lipner SR, Ricardo JW. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13709.
22. Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG, Gupta AK. Dermatophytoma: Recalcitrance to treatment because of existence of fungal biofilm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(4):629-631.
23. Roberts DT, Evans EG. Subungual dermatophytoma complicating dermatophyte onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138(1):189-190.
24. Wang C, Cantrell W, Canavan T, Elewski B. Successful treatment of dermatophytomas in 19 patients using efinaconazole 10% solution. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5(5):304-308.
25. Gupta AK, Studholme C. How do we measure efficacy of therapy in onychomycosis: Patient, physician, and regulatory perspectives. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(6):498-504.
26. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: Treatment and prevention of recurrence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):853-867.
27. Christenson JK, Peterson GM, Naunton M, et al. Challenges and opportunities in the management of onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2018;4(3).
28. Gris-Peg® (griseofulvin) oral tablets. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America, LLC.: 2016.
29. Scher RK, Breneman D, Rich P, et al. Once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, or 450 mg) in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(6 Pt 2):S77-86.
30. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, et al. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD010031.
31. Gupta AK, Daigle D, Foley KA. Network meta-analysis of onychomycosis treatments. Skin Appendage Disord. 2015;1(2):74-81.
32. Penlac® (ciclopirox) topical solution 8%. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis US, LLC: 2006.
33. Foley K, Gupta AK, Versteeg S, et al. Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1:CD012093.
34. Wang Y, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of laboratory abnormalities in patients with preexisting liver and hematologic diseases prescribed terbinafine for onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(1):220-221.
35. Patel D, Castelo-Soccio LA, Rubin AI, Streicher JL. Laboratory monitoring during systemic terbinafine therapy for pediatric onychomycosis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(12):1326-1327.
36. Stolmeier DA, Stratman HB, McIntee TJ, Stratman EJ. Utility of laboratory test result monitoring in patients taking oral terbinafine or griseofulvin for dermatophyte infections. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1409-1416.
37. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Management of onychomycosis and co-existing tinea pedis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(5):492-494.
38. Diflucan® (fluconazole) oral tablets. US prescribing information. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc.: 2019.
39. Sugiura K, Masumoto A, Tachibana H, Tatsumi Y. In vitro combination effect of topical and oral anti-onychomycosis drugs on trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton interdigitale. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(3).
40. Lipner S, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: Current and future therapies. Cutis. 2014;93(2):60-63.
41. Vlahovic TC. Onychomycosis: Evaluation, treatment options, managing recurrence, and patient outcomes. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2016;33(3):305- 318.
42. Daggett C, Brodell RT, Daniel CR, Jackson J. Onychomycosis in athletes. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20(5):691-698.
43. Gupta AK, Versteeg SG. The role of shoe and sock sanitization in the management of superficial fungal infections of the feet. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2019;109(2):141-149.
44. Eichenfield LF, Elewski B, Sugarman JL, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of efinaconazole 10% topical solution for the treatment of onychomycosis in pediatric patients. SKIN: The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine. 2020;4(1): S22. URL: https://jofskin.org/index.php/skin/article/ view/825.
45. Rich P, Spellman M, Purohit V, et al. Tavaborole 5% topical solution for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis in pediatric patients: Results from a phase 4 open-label study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(2):190-195.
46. Friedlander SF, Chan YC, Chan YH, Eichenfield LF. Onychomycosis does not always require systemic treatment for cure: a trial using topical therapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(3):316-322.
47. Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, et al. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: Two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):600-608.
2. Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, et al. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4):641-648.
3. Rosen T, Friedlander SF, Kircik L, et al. Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment in a changing landscape. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(3):223-233.
4. Gupta AK, Stec N. Recent advances in therapies for onychomycosis and its management. F1000Res. 2019;8.
5. Tosti A, Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: Practical approaches to minimize relapse and recurrence. Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;2(1-2):83-87.
6. Narasimha Murthy S, Wiskirchen DE, Bowers CP. Iontophoretic drug delivery across human nail. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96(2):305-311.
7. Lamisil® (terbinafine hydrchloride) oral tablets. US prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: 2017.
8. Sporanox® (itraconazole) oral tablets. US prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC: Stiefel Laboratories, Inc: 2010.
9. Singh S, Chandra U, Anchan VN, et al. Limited effectiveness of four oral antifungal drugs (fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole and terbinafine) in the current epidemic of altered dermatophytosis in India: results of a randomized pragmatic trial. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(5):840-846.
10. Gu D, Hatch M, Ghannoum M, Elewski BE. Treatment-resistant dermatophytosis: A representative case highlighting an emerging public health threat. JAAD Case Rep. 2020;6(11):1153-1155.
11. Pariser D, Scher RK, Elewski B, Rich P. Promoting and maintaining or restoring healthy nails: Practical recommendations for clinicians and patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2013;32(2 Suppl 1):S13-14.
12. Ameen M, Lear JT, Madan V, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):937-958.
13. Scher RK, Tosti A, Joseph WS, et al. Onychomycosis diagnosis and management: Perspectives from a joint dermatology-podiatry roundtable. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(9):1016-1021.
14. Vlahovic TC, Joseph WS, Scher RK, et al. Diagnosis and management of onychomycosis: Perspectives from a joint podiatry-dermatology roundtable. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2016;106(2):155-162.
15. Gupta AK, Sibbald RG, Andriessen A, et al. Toenail onychomycosis-a canadian approach with a new transungual treatment: Development of a clinical pathway. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19(5):440-449.
16. Gupta AK, Versteeg SG, Shear NH. Onychomycosis in the 21st century: An update on diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(6):525-539.
17. Jublia® (efinaconazole) topical solution 10%. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Bausch Health US, LLC: 2020.
18. Kerydin® (tavaborole) topical solution 5%. US prescribing information. Melville, NY: PharmaDerm: 2018.
19. Monod M, Mehul B. Recent findings in onychomycosis and their application for appropriate treatment. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;5(1).
20. Westerberg DP, Voyack MJ. Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):762-770.
21. Lipner SR, Ricardo JW. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13709.
22. Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG, Gupta AK. Dermatophytoma: Recalcitrance to treatment because of existence of fungal biofilm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(4):629-631.
23. Roberts DT, Evans EG. Subungual dermatophytoma complicating dermatophyte onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138(1):189-190.
24. Wang C, Cantrell W, Canavan T, Elewski B. Successful treatment of dermatophytomas in 19 patients using efinaconazole 10% solution. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5(5):304-308.
25. Gupta AK, Studholme C. How do we measure efficacy of therapy in onychomycosis: Patient, physician, and regulatory perspectives. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(6):498-504.
26. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: Treatment and prevention of recurrence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):853-867.
27. Christenson JK, Peterson GM, Naunton M, et al. Challenges and opportunities in the management of onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2018;4(3).
28. Gris-Peg® (griseofulvin) oral tablets. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America, LLC.: 2016.
29. Scher RK, Breneman D, Rich P, et al. Once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, or 450 mg) in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(6 Pt 2):S77-86.
30. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, et al. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD010031.
31. Gupta AK, Daigle D, Foley KA. Network meta-analysis of onychomycosis treatments. Skin Appendage Disord. 2015;1(2):74-81.
32. Penlac® (ciclopirox) topical solution 8%. US prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis US, LLC: 2006.
33. Foley K, Gupta AK, Versteeg S, et al. Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1:CD012093.
34. Wang Y, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of laboratory abnormalities in patients with preexisting liver and hematologic diseases prescribed terbinafine for onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(1):220-221.
35. Patel D, Castelo-Soccio LA, Rubin AI, Streicher JL. Laboratory monitoring during systemic terbinafine therapy for pediatric onychomycosis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(12):1326-1327.
36. Stolmeier DA, Stratman HB, McIntee TJ, Stratman EJ. Utility of laboratory test result monitoring in patients taking oral terbinafine or griseofulvin for dermatophyte infections. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1409-1416.
37. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Management of onychomycosis and co-existing tinea pedis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(5):492-494.
38. Diflucan® (fluconazole) oral tablets. US prescribing information. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc.: 2019.
39. Sugiura K, Masumoto A, Tachibana H, Tatsumi Y. In vitro combination effect of topical and oral anti-onychomycosis drugs on trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton interdigitale. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(3).
40. Lipner S, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: Current and future therapies. Cutis. 2014;93(2):60-63.
41. Vlahovic TC. Onychomycosis: Evaluation, treatment options, managing recurrence, and patient outcomes. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2016;33(3):305- 318.
42. Daggett C, Brodell RT, Daniel CR, Jackson J. Onychomycosis in athletes. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20(5):691-698.
43. Gupta AK, Versteeg SG. The role of shoe and sock sanitization in the management of superficial fungal infections of the feet. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2019;109(2):141-149.
44. Eichenfield LF, Elewski B, Sugarman JL, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of efinaconazole 10% topical solution for the treatment of onychomycosis in pediatric patients. SKIN: The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine. 2020;4(1): S22. URL: https://jofskin.org/index.php/skin/article/ view/825.
45. Rich P, Spellman M, Purohit V, et al. Tavaborole 5% topical solution for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis in pediatric patients: Results from a phase 4 open-label study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(2):190-195.
46. Friedlander SF, Chan YC, Chan YH, Eichenfield LF. Onychomycosis does not always require systemic treatment for cure: a trial using topical therapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(3):316-322.
47. Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, et al. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: Two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):600-608.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Shari R. Lipner MD PhD shl9032@med.cornell.edu
