15. Parikh SA, Davis SA, Krowchuck DP, Feldman SR. Common use of prescription off-label acne therapy in children younger than 12 years old. Ped Derm. 2014;31(5):551-55.
16. Smith Begolka W, et al. American Academy of Dermatology evidencebased guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):e105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.029.
17. Bree AF, Siegfried EC. Acne vulgaris in preadolescent children: recommendations for evaluation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:27-32.
18. Karciauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S, Gollnick H, Stang A. The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: a crosssectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:733-740.
19. Eun DH, Kim JY, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Lee WJ. Clinical investigation on preadolescent acne. Korean Dermatol Association and Korean Society for Invest Dermatol. 2019;31(2):249-251.
20. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(5):494-504. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13116.
21. Tamayo CS, Janniger CK, Micali G, Schwartz RA. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris: an update. Cutis. 2014;94(1):13-16.
22. Piggott CDS, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW. Acne in children. In: Shalita AR, Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, eds. Acne Vulgaris. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2011:182–197.
23. Halvorsen JA, Stern RS, Dalgard F, Thoresen M, Bjertness E, Lien L. Suicidal ideation, mental health problems, and social impairment are increased in adolescents with acne: a population-based study. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(2):363-70.
24. Sundström A, Alfredsson L, Sjölin-Forsberg G, Gerdén B, Bergman U, Jokinen J. Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c5812.
25. Dreno B, Pecastaings S, Corvec S, Veraldi S, Khammari A, Roques C. Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32Suppl 2:5- 14.
26. Perkins AC, Cheng CE, Hillebrand GG, et al. Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, continental Indian and African American women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:1054-60.
27. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, Huang W, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-73.
28. Abadâ€Casintahan F, Chow SK, Goh CL et al. Frequency and characteristics of acneâ€related postâ€inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol. 2016;43(7):826– 828.
29. Tan J, Kang S, Leyden J. Prevalence and risk factors of acne scarring among patients consulting dermatologists in the United States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(2):97–102.
30. Dréno B, Bissonnete R, Tan J, et al. Prevention and reduction of atrophic acne scars with adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in subjects with moderate or severe facial acne: Results of a 6-month randomized, vehiclecontrolled trial using intra-individual comparison. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19:275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0352-y
31. Alexis AF, Harper JC, Stein Gold LF, Tan JKL. Treating acne in patients with skin of color. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018;37(supp3):S71-S73.
32. Thiboutot DM, Dreno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the global alliance to improve outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2S1):S1–23.
33. Liu H, Yu H, Liu L, et al. Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(5):CD011368.
34. Del Rosso JQ. Clinical relevance of skin barrier changes associated with the use of oral isotretinoin: the importance of barrier repair therapy in patient management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(6):626-31.
35. Pappas A, et al. Seasonal changes in epidermal ceramides are linked to impaired barrier function in acne patients. Experimental Dermatol. 2018;27(8):833-836.
36. Lynde CW, Andriessen A, Barankin B, et al. Moisturizers and ceramidecontaining moisturizers may offer concomitant therapy with benefits. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):18-26.
37. Araviiskaia E, Dreno B. The role of dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:926-935.
38. Dreno B, Araviiskaia E, Kerob D, Andriessen A, Anifilova M, Fabbrocini G. Nonprescription acne vulgaris treatments: Their role in our treatment armamentarium—An international panel discussion. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(9):2201-2211. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13497
39. Andriessen A, Rodas AC, Gonzalez CG, et al. Over the counter products for acne treatment and maintenance in Latin America: A review of current clinical practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):1-9. doi 10.36849/JDD.2021.5779
40. Baldwin HE, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF, et al. The effects of culture, skin color, and other nonclinical issues on acne treatment. Semi Cutan Med Surg. 30:S12-S15:12.
41. Alexis AF, Woolery-Lloyd H, Williams K, et al. Racial/ethnic variations in acne: Implications for treatment and skin care recommendations for acne patients with skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(7):716-725. doi:10.36849/ JDD.6169
16. Smith Begolka W, et al. American Academy of Dermatology evidencebased guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):e105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.029.
17. Bree AF, Siegfried EC. Acne vulgaris in preadolescent children: recommendations for evaluation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:27-32.
18. Karciauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S, Gollnick H, Stang A. The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: a crosssectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:733-740.
19. Eun DH, Kim JY, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Lee WJ. Clinical investigation on preadolescent acne. Korean Dermatol Association and Korean Society for Invest Dermatol. 2019;31(2):249-251.
20. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(5):494-504. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13116.
21. Tamayo CS, Janniger CK, Micali G, Schwartz RA. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris: an update. Cutis. 2014;94(1):13-16.
22. Piggott CDS, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW. Acne in children. In: Shalita AR, Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, eds. Acne Vulgaris. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2011:182–197.
23. Halvorsen JA, Stern RS, Dalgard F, Thoresen M, Bjertness E, Lien L. Suicidal ideation, mental health problems, and social impairment are increased in adolescents with acne: a population-based study. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(2):363-70.
24. Sundström A, Alfredsson L, Sjölin-Forsberg G, Gerdén B, Bergman U, Jokinen J. Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c5812.
25. Dreno B, Pecastaings S, Corvec S, Veraldi S, Khammari A, Roques C. Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32Suppl 2:5- 14.
26. Perkins AC, Cheng CE, Hillebrand GG, et al. Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, continental Indian and African American women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:1054-60.
27. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, Huang W, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-73.
28. Abadâ€Casintahan F, Chow SK, Goh CL et al. Frequency and characteristics of acneâ€related postâ€inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol. 2016;43(7):826– 828.
29. Tan J, Kang S, Leyden J. Prevalence and risk factors of acne scarring among patients consulting dermatologists in the United States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(2):97–102.
30. Dréno B, Bissonnete R, Tan J, et al. Prevention and reduction of atrophic acne scars with adapalene 0.3%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in subjects with moderate or severe facial acne: Results of a 6-month randomized, vehiclecontrolled trial using intra-individual comparison. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19:275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0352-y
31. Alexis AF, Harper JC, Stein Gold LF, Tan JKL. Treating acne in patients with skin of color. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018;37(supp3):S71-S73.
32. Thiboutot DM, Dreno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the global alliance to improve outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2S1):S1–23.
33. Liu H, Yu H, Liu L, et al. Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(5):CD011368.
34. Del Rosso JQ. Clinical relevance of skin barrier changes associated with the use of oral isotretinoin: the importance of barrier repair therapy in patient management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(6):626-31.
35. Pappas A, et al. Seasonal changes in epidermal ceramides are linked to impaired barrier function in acne patients. Experimental Dermatol. 2018;27(8):833-836.
36. Lynde CW, Andriessen A, Barankin B, et al. Moisturizers and ceramidecontaining moisturizers may offer concomitant therapy with benefits. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):18-26.
37. Araviiskaia E, Dreno B. The role of dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:926-935.
38. Dreno B, Araviiskaia E, Kerob D, Andriessen A, Anifilova M, Fabbrocini G. Nonprescription acne vulgaris treatments: Their role in our treatment armamentarium—An international panel discussion. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(9):2201-2211. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13497
39. Andriessen A, Rodas AC, Gonzalez CG, et al. Over the counter products for acne treatment and maintenance in Latin America: A review of current clinical practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4):1-9. doi 10.36849/JDD.2021.5779
40. Baldwin HE, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF, et al. The effects of culture, skin color, and other nonclinical issues on acne treatment. Semi Cutan Med Surg. 30:S12-S15:12.
41. Alexis AF, Woolery-Lloyd H, Williams K, et al. Racial/ethnic variations in acne: Implications for treatment and skin care recommendations for acne patients with skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(7):716-725. doi:10.36849/ JDD.6169
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
