INTRODUCTIONAcne vulgaris is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease in which inflammation induced by P. acnes initiates and contributes to lesion formation.1 The binding of P. acnes to the Toll-like receptor…

INTRODUCTIONOccupational irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is an in- ammatory skin reaction induced by repeated contact with chemical or physical irritants in the workplace, most frequently affecting the hands.1 Symptoms typically…

INTRODUCTIONSkin aging is characterized by profound functional changes. In the epidermis, these include reduced capacities for protection against mechanical and chemical insults, maintenance of hydration and osmotic balance, immunological de-…

Pertinent Periorbital Anatomy A basic understanding of anatomy and effects of aging should be appreciated. Eye This precious little organ refracts light through the cornea and lens to the retina…

IntroductionFullness of the facial tissue and submental fat is a major concern of individuals, especially in the Indian population.1 It has been widely observed that some Indian women have a higher…

INTRODUCTIONFacial rhytids represent a widespread aesthetic concern.1 In particular, glabellar lines are perceived as a sign of aging and may give an erroneous impression of negative emotions.1 Clinicians and their…

INTRODUCTIONThe practice of soft tissue augmentation has a long and imaginative history. Modern soft tissue augmentation dates back to the 1890s when Neuber used autologous fat grafts to restore facial…

INTRODUCTIONRadiofrequency energy generates electric current which irradiates the targeted tissue. When this electric current meets resistance in the tissue, it produces heat. It is the heat generated which induces the…

INTRODUCTIONSkin conditions related to hyperpigmentation continue to contribute to psychosocial anxiety that leads to poor quality-of-life measures.1,2 Pigmentary changes are the first sign of aging in a majority of population, and…

INTRODUCTIONRepairing surgical defects on atrophic skin, especially when wound edges are under tension, is challenging. The thin, atrophic dermis prohibits placement of buried vertical mattress1 or subcutaneous inverted cross mattress…

The search for the optimal drug combinations for treating melanoma is a relevant debate from the clinical perspective. Since the promising results with targeted therapy for treating unresectable or metastatic…