INTRODUCTION Acne vulgaris (acne), a common dermatologic disorder in adolescents and adults,1 can negatively impact an individual’s quality of life and psychological well-being.2-4 Effective treatment of acne symptoms may improve…

INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis continues to be a common and intractable problem in adults, often responding poorly to drug treatment. Toenails are most frequently affected by the infection, particularly the hallux.1 Studies…

INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by itchy, scaly erythematous plaques on the skin.1,2 The presence of plaques on visible areas of the body can lead to considerable…

INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease with cutaneous manifestations known to have an immune-mediated etiology. It is characterized by hyperproliferative epidermis and a mixed cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrate.1 This…

INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a common, chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder with potential systemic complications. Psoriasis causes significant quality of life issues, even in mild cases, and is associated with excess…

INTRODUCTION Biological organisms are continuously exposed to a myriad of internal and external stimuli and stressors. As a response to these stimuli, living organisms have developed natural defence and adaptation…

INTRODUCTION Calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres in a carrier gel (CaHA; Radiesse®: Merz North America, Inc., Raleigh, NC) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for subdermal implantation…

INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is estimated to impact 1-3% of the global population. The disease has been shown to negatively impact quality of life.1 Several…

INTRODUCTION Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an under-diagnosed, disabling skin disease characterized by subcutaneous inflammatory nodules, painful dermal abscesses, fibrosis, draining sinuses, and hypertrophic scars involving the axillae, shoulders, inguinoperineum, nape…

BACKGROUND Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most frequently encountered panniculitis, and is considered a hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen.1 The etiology in the majority of cases (55%) is idiopathic, but…

BACKGROUND Lichen planus is a chronic, mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology that has no definitive cure.1,2 It is characterized by nonspecific inflammation, commonly affecting the oral and genital mucosa, nails,…

Clinical trial data on the efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis may differ from real-world results, yet etanercept remains a widely used therapy despite this and…