INTRODUCTIONRepairing surgical defects on atrophic skin, especially when wound edges are under tension, is challenging. The thin, atrophic dermis prohibits placement of buried vertical mattress1 or subcutaneous inverted cross mattress…

The search for the optimal drug combinations for treating melanoma is a relevant debate from the clinical perspective. Since the promising results with targeted therapy for treating unresectable or metastatic…

The anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs have allowed a complete and rapid remission in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, but these drugs are often associated to dose-dependent adverse effects…

INTRODUCTIONHuman skin is a complex barrier organ that provides an ecological niche for a wide range of microorganisms. The majority of these microflora are harmless or beneficial, providing protection against…

INTRODUCTIONPhotodamage of the skin occurs as a consequence of cumulative exposure to solar or other sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is characterized by coarse and fine wrinkles, roughness, yellowness,…

INTRODUCTIONSkin appearance deteriorates with advancing age due to the cumulative insults of life in an oxygen rich environment. Oxygen radicals that are generated by UV exposure, environmental free radicals, and…

INTRODUCTIONEthnic skin (or skin of color) refers to non-Caucasian skin encompassing all races and ethnicities other than non-Hispanic white. People with ethnic skin can be classified into several ethno-racial groups…

INTRODUCTIONDeoxycholic acid, called KybellaTM in the United States and BelkyraTM in Canada (Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, California), is the first aesthetic injectable treatment approved for improvement in the appearance of moderate…

INTRODUCTIONNon-invasive body contouring continues to gain popularity in the United States and the field is advancing at a fast pace. In fact, it the fastest growing category among dermatologic procedures.…

INTRODUCTIONExcess submental fat, known in colloquial terms as a “double chin,” is a common cosmetic concern among patients today. There are currently many new non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques for…

INTRODUCTIONCellulite is the often aesthetically displeasing rippling or dimpling of the skin most commonly located on the thighs and buttocks of women. Its appearance and texture is often likened by…

INTRODUCTIONBody sculpting, or body conturing, is among the fastest growing areas in cosmetic dermatology. In 2015, dermatologic surgeons performed over 230,000 body sculpting treatments.1 One survey reported 89% of consumers, are…