Keratinocyte Biology and Stratum Corneum Formation The epidermis is primarily made up of keratinocytes, in addition to melanocytes and Langerhans cells. It consists of four layers: the basal layer, spinous…

INTRODUCTION The cosmetic use of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) for facial rejuvenation is desirable because the treatment procedure is minimally-invasive, the effects of BoNTA are relatively fast-acting, and the…

INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facial lipoatrophy (FLA) is associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HIV disease.1 HIV FLA is primarily characterized by midface (cheeks…

INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy refers to the application of a light sensitizing compound followed by light of the appropriate wavelength to destroy premalignant and malignant cells. The use of a 20%…

BACKGROUND The use of injectable fillers for the enhancement of facial aesthetics is among the most frequent nonsurgical cosmetic procedure performed in the U.S., second only to the use of…

INTRODUCTION Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) formulations are used in aesthetics for the treatment of facial wrinkles.1,2 IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®/Xeomeen®/Bocouture®/XEOMIN Cosmetic™, NT 201; free from complexing proteins, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Germany)…

INTRODUCTION Age-related facial changes have been characterized by a loss of hyaluronic acid (HA) and subcutaneous volume.1 On account of its excellent tolerance and hydroscopic properties, HA is an ideal…

INTRODUCTION Facial skin ages over time, showing signs such as fine lines and wrinkles, increased visual and tactile roughness, reduction in firmness and radiance of the skin, and an increase…

INTRODUCTION Calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres in a carrier gel containing carboxymethyl cellulose (Radiesse® ; Merz North America, Inc., Raleigh, NC) is FDA-approved, as well as approved in other countries, for the…

INTRODUCTION Itch or pruritus remains one of the most bothersome clinical aspects of tinea pedis. Indeed, a PubMed search for tinea pedis and itch demonstrates over 1,300 published articles. Since…

INTRODUCTION Approximately half of all nail cases suspected to be onychomycosis, are in fact onychodystrophy due to other causes.1-4 A multitude of other disorders and diseases can lead to onychodystrophy,…

INTRODUCTION As the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, ultraviolet radiation from the sun remains both the primary cause and only recognized modifiable risk factor for developing skin cancer.…