Waves are the propagation of a disturbance in a medium. These include light waves, sound waves, water waves, and even waves on a string. They are characterized by a specified…

INTRODUCTION Recent research has focused upon the use of fractional laser resurfacing to augment topical drug delivery.1 The main barrier to attaining appreciable clinical results with topical therapy has been…

INTRODUCTION Each year in the developed world 100 million patients acquire scars, 55 million of those from elective surgery. Depending on the severity, scars may inflict significant burden for some…

INTRODUCTION Ablative fractionated laser resurfacing has become popular due to the potential adverse effects associated with traditional ablative resurfacing.1 Instead of producing confluent thermal damage, fractionated devices create columnar microthermal…

INTRODUCTION Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that can on occasion alterations that lead to the formation of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Their cosmetic appearance is a major…

INTRODUCTION The aging process is dynamic and contains a significant number of anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout a person’s lifetime affecting their appearance. As we know, skin changes…

INTRODUCTION Radiofrequency devices are concurrently similar and different from their laser and light-based counterparts. At the most basic level, similarly to lasers, RF devices work by heating the skin in…

INTRODUCTION The use of multiple agents in combination for the treatment of acne and psoriasis has a long legacy in dermatology. For acne, there are combination products that include benzoyl…

INTRODUCTION The traditional short pulsed erbium YAG laser delivers 250-350 microseconds pulses, and with each pass the laser ablates 20 to 25 μm of tissue at 5 Joules/cm2 (about 3-4…

INTRODUCTION The widely used intense pulsed light (IPL) technology was first commercially launched to the market for medical use in 19941 and since then, many different devices and technology modifications…

INTRODUCTION Chronic ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure results in photoaging, with the development of fine rhytids, uneven pigment alteration, lentigines, telangiectasia, actinic keratosis, skin atrophy, and loss of dermal elasticity.1…