INTRODUCTIONThere is an increasing demand for non-invasive cosmetic procedures that reverse the signs of facial aging as people want to look younger and more beautiful for longer. Visual signs of…

INTRODUCTION Pain is a subjective experience that can be affected by physical, emotional, and psychological factors making measurement difficult. The initial assessment of pain is essential to monitor the effectiveness…

INTRODUCTIONDuring skin aging, several complex molecular interactions between skin proteins, lipids, glycosaminoglycans and water occur, leading to the occurrence of wrinkles, reduced elasticity, sagging and skin atrophy.1,2 Although the exact…

INTRODUCTION Facial rejuvenation procedures, which are minimally invasive and provide a long-lasting visible improvement, are rapidly increasing in popularity.1,2 In recent years, the recognition that facial volume loss plays an…

INTRODUCTIONFungal infections in humans occur globally due to dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds and results from contact with infected humans, animals, soils, and fomites. They can be classified into three broad…

INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis is a common, chronic and recurring fungal infection of the toenails, and (less frequently) fingernails. The disease shows increasing incidence in the elderly, with almost 50% of adults…

INTRODUCTIONChronic excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight is a causative factor in the development of photoaging and skin malignancies.1-3 The harmful effects of UVR from sunlight is currently…

INTRODUCTIONThe Epidermal Barrier The stratum corneum, which measures just 10 to 20μm in thickness,3,4 was once thought of as a passive film-like barrier comprised of dead and disintegrating corneocytes.5,6 Beginning…

INTRODUCTIONThat people of color are not at risk for developing skin cancer is a common misconception.2 Unfortunately, the consequences of such a belief are reflected in the increased morbidity and…

INTRODUCTION Adapalene is a synthetic naphthoic acid derivative, light stable, third generation retinoid with slightly better efficacy, lower incidence of side effects, and better tolerability profile in comparison with other…

INTRODUCTIONPsoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory disease that can affect skin, nails, and joints. Nail involvement ranges between 10% to 90% and may be a harbinger for joint involvement.1,2 Nail…

INTRODUCTION Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a benign skin eruption of unclear etiology. A variety of medications can incite a comparable rash, which resolves upon drug withdrawal.1-5,7-9 Asenapine is a relatively…