Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
1. Edwards PC, Kelsch R. Oral lichen planus: clinical presentation and management. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(8):494-499.
2. Sharma S, Saimbi CS, Koirala B. Erosive oral lichen planus and its management: A case series. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008;47(170):86-90.
3. Laniosz V, Torgerson RR, Ramos-Rodriguez AJ, et al. Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in oral lichen planus: A 25-year populationbased study. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(3):296-301.
4. Samman PD. The nails in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol. 1961;73: 288-292.
5. Adamo D, Ruoppo E, Leuci S, Aria M, Amato M, Mignogna MD. Sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression in patients with oral lichen planus: A case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(2):291-297.
6. Leasure AC, Acosta JN, Sansing LH, Sheth KN, Cohen JM, Falcone GJ. Association of lichen planus with cardiovascular disease: A combined analysis of the UK Biobank and All of Us Study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;S0190-9622(21)02512-3.
7. Usatine, R. P., & Tinitigan, M. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of lichen planus. American Family Physician. 84(1), 53–60.
8. da Silva EL, de Lima TB, Rados PV, Visioli F. Efficacy of topical non-steroidal immunomodulators in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(9):5149-5169.
9. Sun SL, Liu JJ, Zhong B, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(6):1166-1176.
10. Cao Y, Li C, Li L. Finding the magic in Magic Mouthwash. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(5):724.
11. Chan A, Ignoffo RJ. Survey of topical oral solutions for the treatment of chemo-induced oral mucositis. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2005;11(4):139- 143.
12. Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA, Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. A double-blind analysis. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(5):290-294.
13. Aung-Din D, Heath M, Wechter T, Cline A, Feldman SR, Jorizzo JL. Effectiveness of the tacrolimus swish-and-spit treatment regimen in patients with geographic tongue. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1481– 1482.
14. Preshaw PM, Grainger P, Bradshaw MH, Mohammad AR, Powala CV, Nolan A. Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline in the treatment of recurrent oral aphthous ulceration: a pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(4):236- 240.
15. Di Caprio R, Lembo S, Di Costanzo L, Balato A, Monfrecola G. Antiinflammatory properties of low and high doxycycline doses: An in vitro study. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:329418.
16. Vazirnia A, Cohen PR. Acitretin for the management of generalized cutaneous lichen planus. Dermatol Online J. 2014;20(9):13030
17. Camisa C, Allen CM. Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with systemic isotretinoin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;62(4):393- 396.
18. Woo TY. Systemic isotretinoin treatment of oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Cutis. 1985;35(4):385-393.
19. Lear JT, English JS. Erosive and generalized lichen planus responsive to azathioprine. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21(1):56-57.
20. Ho VC, Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Nickoloff BJ, Voorhees JJ. Treatment of severe lichen planus with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22(1):64-68.
21. Hrin ML, Bowers NL, Feldman SR, Huang WW, Pichardo RO. Mycophenolate mofetil versus methotrexate for vulvar lichen planus: A 10-year retrospective cohort study demonstrates comparable efficacy and tolerability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;S0190-9622(21)02434-8. 22. Chao TJ. Adalimumab in the management of cutaneous and oral lichen planus. Cutis. 2009;84(6):325-328.
3. Solimani F, Pollmann R, Schmidt T, et al. Therapeutic targeting of Th17/ Tc17 Cells leads to clinical improvement of lichen planus. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1808.
24. Iorizzo M, Tosti A, Starace M, et al. Isolated nail lichen planus: An expert consensus on treatment of the classical form. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(6):1717-1723.
25. Prevost NM, English JC 3rd. Palliative treatment of fingernail lichen planus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):202-204.
26. Wechsuruk P, Bunyaratavej S, Kiratiwongwan R, Suphatsathienkul P, Wongdama S, Leeyaphan C. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of nail lichen planus: A retrospective study. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;17:43- 48.
27. Strazzulla LC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Shapiro J. Novel treatment using low-dose naltrexone for lichen planopilaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(11):1140-1142.
28. Eisen D. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil) improves oral lichen planus: An open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28(4):609-612. 29. Macario-Barrel A, Balguerie X, Joly P. Traitement du lichen érosif buccal par le thalidomide [Treatment of erosive oral lichen planus with thalidomide]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2003;130:1109-1112.
30. Alshahrani S, Baccaglini L. Psychological screening test results for stress, depression, and anxiety are variably associated with clinical severity of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014;14(4):206-208.
31. Mushtaq S, Dogra D, Dogra N, et al. cardiovascular and metabolic risk assessment in patients with lichen planus: A tertiary care hospital-based study from Northern India. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020;11(2):158- 166.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
1. Edwards PC, Kelsch R. Oral lichen planus: clinical presentation and management. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(8):494-499.
2. Sharma S, Saimbi CS, Koirala B. Erosive oral lichen planus and its management: A case series. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008;47(170):86-90.
3. Laniosz V, Torgerson RR, Ramos-Rodriguez AJ, et al. Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in oral lichen planus: A 25-year populationbased study. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(3):296-301.
4. Samman PD. The nails in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol. 1961;73: 288-292.
5. Adamo D, Ruoppo E, Leuci S, Aria M, Amato M, Mignogna MD. Sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression in patients with oral lichen planus: A case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(2):291-297.
6. Leasure AC, Acosta JN, Sansing LH, Sheth KN, Cohen JM, Falcone GJ. Association of lichen planus with cardiovascular disease: A combined analysis of the UK Biobank and All of Us Study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;S0190-9622(21)02512-3.
7. Usatine, R. P., & Tinitigan, M. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of lichen planus. American Family Physician. 84(1), 53–60.
8. da Silva EL, de Lima TB, Rados PV, Visioli F. Efficacy of topical non-steroidal immunomodulators in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(9):5149-5169.
9. Sun SL, Liu JJ, Zhong B, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(6):1166-1176.
10. Cao Y, Li C, Li L. Finding the magic in Magic Mouthwash. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(5):724.
11. Chan A, Ignoffo RJ. Survey of topical oral solutions for the treatment of chemo-induced oral mucositis. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2005;11(4):139- 143.
12. Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA, Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. A double-blind analysis. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(5):290-294.
13. Aung-Din D, Heath M, Wechter T, Cline A, Feldman SR, Jorizzo JL. Effectiveness of the tacrolimus swish-and-spit treatment regimen in patients with geographic tongue. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1481– 1482.
14. Preshaw PM, Grainger P, Bradshaw MH, Mohammad AR, Powala CV, Nolan A. Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline in the treatment of recurrent oral aphthous ulceration: a pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(4):236- 240.
15. Di Caprio R, Lembo S, Di Costanzo L, Balato A, Monfrecola G. Antiinflammatory properties of low and high doxycycline doses: An in vitro study. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:329418.
16. Vazirnia A, Cohen PR. Acitretin for the management of generalized cutaneous lichen planus. Dermatol Online J. 2014;20(9):13030
17. Camisa C, Allen CM. Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with systemic isotretinoin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;62(4):393- 396.
18. Woo TY. Systemic isotretinoin treatment of oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Cutis. 1985;35(4):385-393.
19. Lear JT, English JS. Erosive and generalized lichen planus responsive to azathioprine. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21(1):56-57.
20. Ho VC, Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Nickoloff BJ, Voorhees JJ. Treatment of severe lichen planus with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22(1):64-68.
21. Hrin ML, Bowers NL, Feldman SR, Huang WW, Pichardo RO. Mycophenolate mofetil versus methotrexate for vulvar lichen planus: A 10-year retrospective cohort study demonstrates comparable efficacy and tolerability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;S0190-9622(21)02434-8. 22. Chao TJ. Adalimumab in the management of cutaneous and oral lichen planus. Cutis. 2009;84(6):325-328.
3. Solimani F, Pollmann R, Schmidt T, et al. Therapeutic targeting of Th17/ Tc17 Cells leads to clinical improvement of lichen planus. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1808.
24. Iorizzo M, Tosti A, Starace M, et al. Isolated nail lichen planus: An expert consensus on treatment of the classical form. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(6):1717-1723.
25. Prevost NM, English JC 3rd. Palliative treatment of fingernail lichen planus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):202-204.
26. Wechsuruk P, Bunyaratavej S, Kiratiwongwan R, Suphatsathienkul P, Wongdama S, Leeyaphan C. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of nail lichen planus: A retrospective study. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;17:43- 48.
27. Strazzulla LC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Shapiro J. Novel treatment using low-dose naltrexone for lichen planopilaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(11):1140-1142.
28. Eisen D. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil) improves oral lichen planus: An open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28(4):609-612. 29. Macario-Barrel A, Balguerie X, Joly P. Traitement du lichen érosif buccal par le thalidomide [Treatment of erosive oral lichen planus with thalidomide]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2003;130:1109-1112.
30. Alshahrani S, Baccaglini L. Psychological screening test results for stress, depression, and anxiety are variably associated with clinical severity of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014;14(4):206-208.
31. Mushtaq S, Dogra D, Dogra N, et al. cardiovascular and metabolic risk assessment in patients with lichen planus: A tertiary care hospital-based study from Northern India. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020;11(2):158- 166.
