7. Shah S, Alexis AF. Acne and rosacea in skin of color. In: Alexis AF, Barbosa VH, eds. Skin color: a practical guide to dermatologic diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Springer; 2013:21-36.
8. Alexis AF. Rosacea in patients with skin of color: uncommon but not rare. Cutis. 2010;86(2):60-62.
9. Jayawant SS, Feldman SR, Camacho FT, et al. Prescription refills and healthcare costs associated with topical metro-nidazole in Medicaid enrolled patients with rosacea. J Dermatol Treat. 2008;19(5):267-73
10. Khaled A, Hammami H, Zeglaoui F, et al. Rosacea: 244 Tunisian cases. Tunis Med. 2010;88(8):597-601.
11. Bae YI, Yun Sook-Jung, Lee JB, et al. Clinical evaluation of 168 Korean patients with rosacea: The sun exposure cor-relates with the erythematotelangiectatic subtype. Ann Dermatol. 2009;21(3):243-9. doi: 10.5021/ad.2009.21.3.243.
12. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-473.
13. Tan J, Schofer H, Araviiskaia E, et al. prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia - the RISE study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(3):428-434.
14. Zhao YE, Peng Y, Wang XL, et al. Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011;12(12):1008-1015.
15. Dlova NC, Mosam A. Rosacea in black South Africans with skin phototypes V and VI. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):670-673.
16. Girardeau-Hubert S, Pageon H, Asselineau D. In vivo and in vitro approaches in understanding the differences be-tween Caucasian and African skin types: specific involvement of the papillary dermis. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(Suppl 1):1-4.
17. Rueda LJ, Motta A, Pabon JG, et al. Epidemiology of rosacea in Colombia. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(5):510-513.
18. Ezra N, Greco JF, Haley JC, Chiu MW. Gnatophyma and otophyma. J Surg Med Surg. 2009;13(5):266-272.
19. Cribier B. Rosacea: new data for better care. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2017;144(8-9):508-517.
20. Abram K, Silm H, Maaroos HI, Oona M. Risk factors associated with rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(5):565-571.
21. McAleer MA, Fitzpatrick P, Powell FC. Papulopustular rosacea: prevalence and relationship to photodamage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(1):33-39.
22. Alexis AF, Webster G, Preston NJ, Caveney SW, Gottschalk RW. Effectiveness and safety of once-daily doxycycline capsules as monotherapy in patients with rosacea: an analysis by Fitzpatrick skin type. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(10):1219-1222.
23. Schaller M, Almeida L, Bewley A, et al. Recommendations for rosacea diagnosis, classification, and management: up-date from the global ROSacea Consensus 2019 panel. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182:1909-1091.
24. Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2011;15(1):2-11.
25. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, et al. Rosacea: Part 1. Introduction, categorization, histology, pathophysiology, and risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 72(5):749-58.
26. Kulkarni NN, Takahashi T, Sanford JA, et al. Innate immune dysfunction in rosacea promotes photosensitivity and vascular adhesion molecule expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(3):645-655. e6. doi: 10.1016/j. jid.2019.08.436.
27. Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223.
28. Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, et al. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(10):1938- 1950.
29. Darlenski R, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N et al. Acute irritant threshold correlates with barrier function, skin hydration and contact hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22:752-753.
30. Onalaja AA, Lester JC, Taylor SC. Establishing the diagnosis of rosacea in skin of color patients. Cutis. 2019 Jul;104(1):38-41.
31. Zhili D, et al. The association between rosacea and the condition of low tolerance to skincare of the facial skin: a case-control study in China. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;(4): https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14178
32. Morales de Olivera CM, Costa Almeida LM, Bagatin E, et al. Consensus on the therapeutic management of rosacea – Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95(11)(Suppl 1):53-69.
33. Van Zuuren EJ, van der Linden MMD, Arents BWM. Rosacea treatment guideline for The Netherlands. Br J Dermatol. 2020 182:1504-1506. https:// doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19073
34. Baldwin H, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, et al. Evidence of barrier deficiency in rosacea and the importance of integra-tion OTC skincare products into treatment regimens. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4): doi:10.36849/JDD.5861
35. Baia de Melo Magalhães Goncalves MM, Soares Rodrigues Tavares de Pina ME. Dermocosmetic care for rosacea. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53(4);e00182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000400182
36. Lin T.K., Zhong L., Santiago J.L. Anti-Inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:70. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010070. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R, et al. Consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 1: a status report on the disease state, general measures, and adjunctive skin care. Cutis. 2013; 92: 234– 40.
38. Lynde CW, Tan J, Skotnicki S, Andriessen A. Clinical insights about the role of skin pH in inflammatory dermatolog-ical conditions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12)S-1:1-16.
39. Huang Y-x, Li J, Zhao Z-x, Zheng B-l, Deng Y-x, Shi W, et al. (2020) Effects of skin care habits on the development of rosacea: A multicenter retrospective case-control survey in Chinese population. PLoS ONE. 15(4): e0231078.
40. Li G, Wang B, Zhao Z, et al. Excessive cleansing: an underestimating risk factor of rosacea in Chinese population. Arch Dermatol Res. 2021;313(4):225- 234. doi: 10.1007/s00403-020-02095-w.
41. Draelos, Zoe Diana, Keith Ertel, and Cindy Berge. Niacinamide-containing facial moisturizer improves skin barrier and benefits subjects with rosacea. Cutis. 2005;76(2):135-41.
42. Baldwin H, Santoro F, Lachmann N, Teissedre S. A novel moisturizer with high sun protection factor improves cuta-neous barrier function and the visible appearance of rosaceaâ€prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(6):1686- 1692. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12889.
43. Santoro F, Teissedre S. A novel night moisturizer enhances cutaneous barrier function in dry skin and improves der-matological outcomes in rosaceaprone skin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(12):11-17. PMID: 30666273 PMCID: PMC6334838
44. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on the assessment of skin characteristics study. Cutis. 2009;84(2):72-76.
45. Lynde CW, Andriessen A. A cohort study on ceramide-containing cleanser and moisturizer used for atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2014;93:207-213.
46. Zeichner JA, Del Rosso JQ. Multivesicular emulsion ceramide-containing moisturizers: an evaluation of their role in the management of common skin disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(12):26-32. PMID: 28210396 | PMCID: PMC5300724
47. Draelos ZD, Baalbaki NH, Cook S, Raab S, Colon G. The effect of a ceramidecontaining product on stratum corneum lipid levels in dry legs. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(4)372-376.
48. Lueangarun S, Tragulplaingam P, Sugkraroek S. The 24-hr, 28-day, and 7-day post-moisturizing efficacy of ceramides 1, 3, 6-II containing moisturizing cream on skin dryness and barrier disruption in senile xerosis treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(6)e13090. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13090.
49. Perez, Maritza I. Cosmeceuticals and Alternative Therapies for Rosacea. Cutis. 2017;36. 50. Devita S, Damian DL. Nicotinamide in dermatology and photoprotection. Skinmed. 2011;9(6): 360-365.
8. Alexis AF. Rosacea in patients with skin of color: uncommon but not rare. Cutis. 2010;86(2):60-62.
9. Jayawant SS, Feldman SR, Camacho FT, et al. Prescription refills and healthcare costs associated with topical metro-nidazole in Medicaid enrolled patients with rosacea. J Dermatol Treat. 2008;19(5):267-73
10. Khaled A, Hammami H, Zeglaoui F, et al. Rosacea: 244 Tunisian cases. Tunis Med. 2010;88(8):597-601.
11. Bae YI, Yun Sook-Jung, Lee JB, et al. Clinical evaluation of 168 Korean patients with rosacea: The sun exposure cor-relates with the erythematotelangiectatic subtype. Ann Dermatol. 2009;21(3):243-9. doi: 10.5021/ad.2009.21.3.243.
12. Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, et al. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466-473.
13. Tan J, Schofer H, Araviiskaia E, et al. prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia - the RISE study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(3):428-434.
14. Zhao YE, Peng Y, Wang XL, et al. Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011;12(12):1008-1015.
15. Dlova NC, Mosam A. Rosacea in black South Africans with skin phototypes V and VI. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):670-673.
16. Girardeau-Hubert S, Pageon H, Asselineau D. In vivo and in vitro approaches in understanding the differences be-tween Caucasian and African skin types: specific involvement of the papillary dermis. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(Suppl 1):1-4.
17. Rueda LJ, Motta A, Pabon JG, et al. Epidemiology of rosacea in Colombia. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(5):510-513.
18. Ezra N, Greco JF, Haley JC, Chiu MW. Gnatophyma and otophyma. J Surg Med Surg. 2009;13(5):266-272.
19. Cribier B. Rosacea: new data for better care. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2017;144(8-9):508-517.
20. Abram K, Silm H, Maaroos HI, Oona M. Risk factors associated with rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(5):565-571.
21. McAleer MA, Fitzpatrick P, Powell FC. Papulopustular rosacea: prevalence and relationship to photodamage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(1):33-39.
22. Alexis AF, Webster G, Preston NJ, Caveney SW, Gottschalk RW. Effectiveness and safety of once-daily doxycycline capsules as monotherapy in patients with rosacea: an analysis by Fitzpatrick skin type. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(10):1219-1222.
23. Schaller M, Almeida L, Bewley A, et al. Recommendations for rosacea diagnosis, classification, and management: up-date from the global ROSacea Consensus 2019 panel. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182:1909-1091.
24. Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2011;15(1):2-11.
25. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, et al. Rosacea: Part 1. Introduction, categorization, histology, pathophysiology, and risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 72(5):749-58.
26. Kulkarni NN, Takahashi T, Sanford JA, et al. Innate immune dysfunction in rosacea promotes photosensitivity and vascular adhesion molecule expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(3):645-655. e6. doi: 10.1016/j. jid.2019.08.436.
27. Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223.
28. Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, et al. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(10):1938- 1950.
29. Darlenski R, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N et al. Acute irritant threshold correlates with barrier function, skin hydration and contact hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22:752-753.
30. Onalaja AA, Lester JC, Taylor SC. Establishing the diagnosis of rosacea in skin of color patients. Cutis. 2019 Jul;104(1):38-41.
31. Zhili D, et al. The association between rosacea and the condition of low tolerance to skincare of the facial skin: a case-control study in China. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;(4): https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14178
32. Morales de Olivera CM, Costa Almeida LM, Bagatin E, et al. Consensus on the therapeutic management of rosacea – Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95(11)(Suppl 1):53-69.
33. Van Zuuren EJ, van der Linden MMD, Arents BWM. Rosacea treatment guideline for The Netherlands. Br J Dermatol. 2020 182:1504-1506. https:// doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19073
34. Baldwin H, Alexis AF, Andriessen A, et al. Evidence of barrier deficiency in rosacea and the importance of integra-tion OTC skincare products into treatment regimens. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4): doi:10.36849/JDD.5861
35. Baia de Melo Magalhães Goncalves MM, Soares Rodrigues Tavares de Pina ME. Dermocosmetic care for rosacea. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53(4);e00182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000400182
36. Lin T.K., Zhong L., Santiago J.L. Anti-Inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:70. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010070. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R, et al. Consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 1: a status report on the disease state, general measures, and adjunctive skin care. Cutis. 2013; 92: 234– 40.
38. Lynde CW, Tan J, Skotnicki S, Andriessen A. Clinical insights about the role of skin pH in inflammatory dermatolog-ical conditions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12)S-1:1-16.
39. Huang Y-x, Li J, Zhao Z-x, Zheng B-l, Deng Y-x, Shi W, et al. (2020) Effects of skin care habits on the development of rosacea: A multicenter retrospective case-control survey in Chinese population. PLoS ONE. 15(4): e0231078.
40. Li G, Wang B, Zhao Z, et al. Excessive cleansing: an underestimating risk factor of rosacea in Chinese population. Arch Dermatol Res. 2021;313(4):225- 234. doi: 10.1007/s00403-020-02095-w.
41. Draelos, Zoe Diana, Keith Ertel, and Cindy Berge. Niacinamide-containing facial moisturizer improves skin barrier and benefits subjects with rosacea. Cutis. 2005;76(2):135-41.
42. Baldwin H, Santoro F, Lachmann N, Teissedre S. A novel moisturizer with high sun protection factor improves cuta-neous barrier function and the visible appearance of rosaceaâ€prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(6):1686- 1692. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12889.
43. Santoro F, Teissedre S. A novel night moisturizer enhances cutaneous barrier function in dry skin and improves der-matological outcomes in rosaceaprone skin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(12):11-17. PMID: 30666273 PMCID: PMC6334838
44. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on the assessment of skin characteristics study. Cutis. 2009;84(2):72-76.
45. Lynde CW, Andriessen A. A cohort study on ceramide-containing cleanser and moisturizer used for atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2014;93:207-213.
46. Zeichner JA, Del Rosso JQ. Multivesicular emulsion ceramide-containing moisturizers: an evaluation of their role in the management of common skin disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(12):26-32. PMID: 28210396 | PMCID: PMC5300724
47. Draelos ZD, Baalbaki NH, Cook S, Raab S, Colon G. The effect of a ceramidecontaining product on stratum corneum lipid levels in dry legs. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(4)372-376.
48. Lueangarun S, Tragulplaingam P, Sugkraroek S. The 24-hr, 28-day, and 7-day post-moisturizing efficacy of ceramides 1, 3, 6-II containing moisturizing cream on skin dryness and barrier disruption in senile xerosis treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(6)e13090. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13090.
49. Perez, Maritza I. Cosmeceuticals and Alternative Therapies for Rosacea. Cutis. 2017;36. 50. Devita S, Damian DL. Nicotinamide in dermatology and photoprotection. Skinmed. 2011;9(6): 360-365.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
