non-lesional skin. Similar improvement in microbial diversity was not observed with standard moisturizer. The authors posit that while unclear, the mechanism for increased microbial diversity may be through beneficial effects on skin pH and improvements in transepidermal water loss (See Figure 1).33
CONCLUSIONS
Oats have been used for centuries to treat a wide variety of
dermatoses. In Part I of this two-part supplement, we have
outlined the research and multifaceted benefits behind its use.
Oat is composed of various compounds with a wide-ranging
mechanism of action, possessing anti-inflammatory, antipruritic,
anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, prebiotic, and barrier repair
properties. These inherent characteristics of colloidal oatmeal
lend to its function and effectiveness in the management of
AD, a condition that is particularly burdensome and widespread.
In the subsequent portion of this Supplement, we will
continue to examine the clinical benefits of colloidal oatmeal
in AD in special populations, and clinical efficacy and tolerance
beyond eczema.
REFERENCES
1. Kurtz ES, Wallow W. Colloidal oatmeal: history, chemistry and clinical properties. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):167-170.
2. Webster FH. Oat utilization: past, present and future. In: Webster FH, ed. Oats: Chemistry and Technology. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc; 1986:413-430.
3. Franks AG. Dermatologic uses of baths. Am Pract Dig Treat. 1958;9:1998-2000.
4. Skin protectant drug products for over-the-counter human use; proposed rulemaking for poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and insect bites drug products. 54FR40808, 1989; October 3.
5. Skin protectant drug products for over-the-counter human use; final monograph. 68FR33362. 2003; June 4.
6. Colloidal Oatmeal. The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary. Rockville, Maryland: United States Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc; 2006:591-592.
7. Health Benefits of Oat Phytochemicals. In: Oats Nutrition and Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013:171-194. 8. Graf E. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;13: 435-448.
9. Collins FW. Oat phenolics: structure, occurrence and function. In: Webster FH, ed. Oats: Chemistry and Technology. St Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc; 1986:227-291.
10. Nachbar F, Korting HC. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Mol Med. 1995;73:7-17.
11. Makdisi J, Kutner A, Friedman A. Oats and Skin Health. In: Oats Nutrition and Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013:311-331.
12. Guo W, Wise ML, Collins FW, et al. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, inhibit IL-1B induced NK-kB activation in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44:415-429.
13. Liu L, Zubik L, Collins F, et al. The antiatherogenic potential of oat phenolic compounds. Atherosclerosis 2004;175:39-49.
14. Sur R, et al. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;569-574.
15. Grais M. Role of colloidal oatmeal in dermatologic treatment of the aged. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1953;68:402-407.
16. Bratt K, et al. Avenanthramides in oats (Avena sativa L.) and structure-antioxidant activity relationships. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:594-600.
17. Dimberg L et al. Avenanthramides – a group of phenolic antioxidants in oats. Cereal Chem. 1993;70:637-641.
18. Miyagawa H. Induction of avenanthramides in oat leaves inoculated with crown rust fungus, Puccinia coronate f. sp. avenae. Bio Biotech Bioch. 1995;59:2305-2306.
19. Liu-Walsh F, Tierney NK, Hauschild J, et al. Fermentation of colloidal oatmeal by cutaneous bacteria results in enhanced production of lactic acid and short fatty acids. Poster 6639 presented at the American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting, 16-20 February 2018, San Diego, CA.
20. Ziboh VA, Miller CC, Cho Y. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by skin epidermal enzymes: generation of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71 (suppl):361S-366S.
21. Potter RC, Castro JM, Moffatt LC, investors; Nurture, Inc. assignee. Oat oil compositions with useful cosmetic and dermatological properties. US Patent 5620692. April 15, 1997.
22. Chong HC, Tan MJ, Philippe V, et al. Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal IL-1 signaling by PPARβ/δ is essential for skin homeostasis and wound healing. J Cell Biol. 2009;184(6):817-831.
23. Chon SH, Tannahill R, Yao X, et al. Keratinocyte differentiation and upregulation of ceramide synthesis induced by an oat lipid extract via the activation of PPAR pathways. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24(4):290-5.
24. Eichenfield, LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines for the management of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(1):116-132.
25. Elias PM, Hatano Y, Williams ML. Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1337-1343.
26. Lebwohl M, Herrmann LG. Impaired skin barrier function in dermatologic disease and repair with moisturization. Cutis. 2005;76(6 Suppl):7-12
27. Sur R, Nigam A, Grote D, Liebel F, Southall MD. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;300(10):569-574.
28. Nebus J, Nystrand G, Fowler J, et al. A daily oat-based skin care regimen for atopic skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:AB67. 29. Nebus J, Wallow W, Nystrand G, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of a colloidal oatmeal cream and cleanser regimen in babies and children with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Poster. 8th Annual Caribbean Dermatology Symposium. 20-24 January 2009. St. Maarten.
30. Lopes MJ. 11th Presentation at the European Society for Pediatric Dermatology Congress, 16-19 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. Presentation
31. Lisante TA, Nunez C, Zhang P. Efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter 1% colloidal oatmeal cream in the management of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children: a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled study. J Dermatol Treat. 2017;28(7):659-667.
32. Salava A, Lauerma A. Role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014;4:33.
33. Capone K, Kirchner F, Klein SL, Tierney NK. Effects of colloidal oatmeal topical atopic dermatitis cream on skin microbiome and skin barrier properties. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(5):524-531.
2. Webster FH. Oat utilization: past, present and future. In: Webster FH, ed. Oats: Chemistry and Technology. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc; 1986:413-430.
3. Franks AG. Dermatologic uses of baths. Am Pract Dig Treat. 1958;9:1998-2000.
4. Skin protectant drug products for over-the-counter human use; proposed rulemaking for poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and insect bites drug products. 54FR40808, 1989; October 3.
5. Skin protectant drug products for over-the-counter human use; final monograph. 68FR33362. 2003; June 4.
6. Colloidal Oatmeal. The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary. Rockville, Maryland: United States Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc; 2006:591-592.
7. Health Benefits of Oat Phytochemicals. In: Oats Nutrition and Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013:171-194. 8. Graf E. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;13: 435-448.
9. Collins FW. Oat phenolics: structure, occurrence and function. In: Webster FH, ed. Oats: Chemistry and Technology. St Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc; 1986:227-291.
10. Nachbar F, Korting HC. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Mol Med. 1995;73:7-17.
11. Makdisi J, Kutner A, Friedman A. Oats and Skin Health. In: Oats Nutrition and Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013:311-331.
12. Guo W, Wise ML, Collins FW, et al. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, inhibit IL-1B induced NK-kB activation in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44:415-429.
13. Liu L, Zubik L, Collins F, et al. The antiatherogenic potential of oat phenolic compounds. Atherosclerosis 2004;175:39-49.
14. Sur R, et al. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;569-574.
15. Grais M. Role of colloidal oatmeal in dermatologic treatment of the aged. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1953;68:402-407.
16. Bratt K, et al. Avenanthramides in oats (Avena sativa L.) and structure-antioxidant activity relationships. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:594-600.
17. Dimberg L et al. Avenanthramides – a group of phenolic antioxidants in oats. Cereal Chem. 1993;70:637-641.
18. Miyagawa H. Induction of avenanthramides in oat leaves inoculated with crown rust fungus, Puccinia coronate f. sp. avenae. Bio Biotech Bioch. 1995;59:2305-2306.
19. Liu-Walsh F, Tierney NK, Hauschild J, et al. Fermentation of colloidal oatmeal by cutaneous bacteria results in enhanced production of lactic acid and short fatty acids. Poster 6639 presented at the American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting, 16-20 February 2018, San Diego, CA.
20. Ziboh VA, Miller CC, Cho Y. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by skin epidermal enzymes: generation of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71 (suppl):361S-366S.
21. Potter RC, Castro JM, Moffatt LC, investors; Nurture, Inc. assignee. Oat oil compositions with useful cosmetic and dermatological properties. US Patent 5620692. April 15, 1997.
22. Chong HC, Tan MJ, Philippe V, et al. Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal IL-1 signaling by PPARβ/δ is essential for skin homeostasis and wound healing. J Cell Biol. 2009;184(6):817-831.
23. Chon SH, Tannahill R, Yao X, et al. Keratinocyte differentiation and upregulation of ceramide synthesis induced by an oat lipid extract via the activation of PPAR pathways. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24(4):290-5.
24. Eichenfield, LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines for the management of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(1):116-132.
25. Elias PM, Hatano Y, Williams ML. Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1337-1343.
26. Lebwohl M, Herrmann LG. Impaired skin barrier function in dermatologic disease and repair with moisturization. Cutis. 2005;76(6 Suppl):7-12
27. Sur R, Nigam A, Grote D, Liebel F, Southall MD. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;300(10):569-574.
28. Nebus J, Nystrand G, Fowler J, et al. A daily oat-based skin care regimen for atopic skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:AB67. 29. Nebus J, Wallow W, Nystrand G, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of a colloidal oatmeal cream and cleanser regimen in babies and children with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Poster. 8th Annual Caribbean Dermatology Symposium. 20-24 January 2009. St. Maarten.
30. Lopes MJ. 11th Presentation at the European Society for Pediatric Dermatology Congress, 16-19 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. Presentation
31. Lisante TA, Nunez C, Zhang P. Efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter 1% colloidal oatmeal cream in the management of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children: a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled study. J Dermatol Treat. 2017;28(7):659-667.
32. Salava A, Lauerma A. Role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014;4:33.
33. Capone K, Kirchner F, Klein SL, Tierney NK. Effects of colloidal oatmeal topical atopic dermatitis cream on skin microbiome and skin barrier properties. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(5):524-531.
