International Dermatologic Education, Forte, Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology, Helsinn, LEO Pharma, Meiji, Mindera, Pfizer, and Verrica. LSG serves as a consultant, investigator and/or speaker for Almirall, Inc. and LEO Pharma. JWM has no relevant disclosures. DSR serves as an advisory board member for Almirall, Inc.
Funding sources: Funded in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Almirall, Inc.
Funding sources: Funded in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Almirall, Inc.
REFERENCES
1. Filosa A, Filosa G. Actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma: clinical and pathological features. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2015;150(4):379-84.
2. Marks R, Foley P, Goodman G, Hage BH, Selwood TS. Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115:649-655.
3. Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988;1:795-797.
4. Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE, Clark DP. Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. A patient-oriented perspective. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jul;127(7):1029-31. PMID: 2064402.
5. Marks R. The role of treatment of actinic keratoses in the prevention of morbidity and mortality due to squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jul;127(7):1031-3. PMID: 2064403.
6. Schwartz RA, Bridges TM, Butani AK, Ehrlich A. Actinic keratosis: an occupational and environmental disorder. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 May;22(5):606-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02579.x. PMID: 18410618.
7. Gilaberte Y, Casanova JM, Garc a-Malinis AJ, Arias-Santiago S, Garc a de la Fuente MR, Pami s-Gracia M, Ramirez-Palomino J, Ruiz-Campos I, Gracia-Caza a T, Buendia-Eisman A. Skin cancer prevalence in outdoor workers of ski resorts. J Skin Cancer. 2020 Jan 28;2020:8128717. doi: 10.1155/2020/8128717. PMID: 32231797; PMCID: PMC7097757.
8. Berman B, Cockerell CJ. Pathobiology of actinic keratosis: ultravioletdependent keratinocyte proliferation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Jan;68(1 Suppl 1):S10-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.09.053. PMID: 23228301.
9. Heltoft KN, Slagor RM, Agner T, Bonde JP. Metal arc welding and the risk of skin cancer. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2017 Nov;90(8):873-881. doi: 10.1007/s00420-017-1248-5. Epub 2017 Aug 1. PMID: 28766013; PMCID: PMC5640727.
10. Lebwohl M. Actinic Keratosis. JAMA. 2016 Apr 5;315(13):1394-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.3065. PMID: 27046367.
11. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF; Department of Veteran Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial Group. Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Cancer. 2009 Jun 1;115(11):2523-30. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24284. PMID: 19382202.
12. Bickers DR, Lim HW, Margolis D, Weinstock MA, Goodman C, Faulkner E, Gould C, Gemmen E, Dall T; American Academy of Dermatology Association; Society for Investigative Dermatology. The burden of skin diseases: 2004 a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Sep;55(3):490-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.048. PMID: 16908356.
13. Yeung H, Baranowski ML, Swerlick RA, Chen SC, Hemingway J, Hughes DR, Duszak R Jr. Use and cost of actinic keratosis destruction in the Medicare Part B fee-for-service population, 2007 to 2015. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Nov 1;154(11):1281-1285. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3086. PMID: 30326488; PMCID: PMC6248125.
14. Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes: a clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(3 Pt 1):443-8
15. Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, Krekels GA. Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones? Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16(4):335-9.
16. de Oliveira ECV, da Motta VRV, Pantoja PC, Ilha CSO, Magalh es RF, Galadari H, Leonardi GR. Actinic keratosis - review for clinical practice. Int J Dermatol. 2019 Apr;58(4):400-407. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14147. Epub 2018 Aug 2. PMID: 30070357.
17. Lanoue J, Chen C, Goldenberg G. Actinic keratosis as a marker of field cancerization in excision specimens of cutaneous malignancies. Cutis. 2016 Jun;97(6):415-20. PMID: 27416085.
18. Steeb T, Wessely A, Leiter U, French LE, Berking C, Heppt MV. The more the better? An appraisal of combination therapies for actinic keratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Apr;34(4):727-732. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15998. Epub 2019 Nov 11. PMID: 31587385.
19. Foley P, Stockfleth E, Peris K, Basset-Seguin N, Cerio R, Antonio Sanches J, Guillen C, Farrington E, Lebwohl M. Adherence to topical therapies in actinic keratosis: A literature review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016 Nov;27(6):538-545. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2016.1178372. Epub 2016 May 10. PMID: 27161045.
20. Berker D, Mcgregor JM, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the care of patients with actinic keratosis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:20–43. doi:10.1111/bjd.15107
21. Hsu C-C, Sandford BA. The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical assessment, research & evaluation. 2007;12:1-8 22. Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):23-4.
23. Dika E, Vaccari S, Fanti PA, Piraccini BM, Barisani A, Baraldi C, Patrizi A. Pain evaluation in patients affected by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis: an observational study. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Oct;152(5):413-417. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.16.05305-0. Epub 2016 Apr 20. PMID: 27096539.
24. Pyne JH, Myint E, Clark SP, Clifopoulos C, Fishburn P, Gorji M, Hou R. Squamous cell carcinoma: pain as a clue to increased tumour diameter, increased invasion depth, the grade of differentiation, acantholysis and perineural invasion. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020 Mar;45(2):180-186. doi: 10.1111/ ced.14066. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31389055.
25. Fern ndez-Figueras MT, Saenz-Sard X, Vargas P, Thompson CT, Carrato C, Puig L, Ferr ndiz C, Ariza A. The depth of follicular extension in actinic keratosis correlates with the depth of invasion in squamous cell carcinoma: implication for clinical treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Oct;32(10):1657-1661. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14901. Epub 2018 Mar 23. PMID: 29489051.
26. Pandey S, Mercer SE, Dallas K, Emanuel PO, Goldenberg G. Evaluation of the prognostic significance of follicular extension in actinic keratoses. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012 Apr;5(4):25-8. PMID: 22708004; PMCID: PMC3366442.
27. Keller B, Braathen LR, Marti HP, Hunger RE. Skin cancers in renal transplant recipients: a description of the renal transplant cohort in Bern. Swiss Med Wkly. 2010 Jul 15;140:w13036. doi: 10.4414/smw.2010.13036. PMID: 20652847.
28. Matinfar M, Shahidi S, Feizi A. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci. 2018 Feb 20;23:14. doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_817_17. PMID: 29531566; PMCID: PMC5842447.
29. Jansen MHE, Kessels JPHM, Nelemans PJ, Kouloubis N, Arits AHMM, van Pelt HPA, Quaedvlieg PJF, Essers BAB, Steijlen PM, Kelleners-Smeets NWJ, Mosterd K. Randomized trial of four treatment approaches for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 7;380(10):935-946. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1811850. PMID: 30855743.
30. Dianzani C, Conforti C, Giuffrida R, Corneli P, di Meo N, Farinazzo E, Moret A, Magaton Rizzi G, Zalaudek I. Current therapies for actinic keratosis. Int J Dermatol. 2020 Jun;59(6):677-684. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14767. Epub 2020 Feb 3. PMID: 32012240.
31. Hashim PW, Chen T, Rigel D, Bhatia N, Kircik LH. Actinic keratosis: Current therapies and insights into new treatments. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 May 1;18(5):s161-166.. PMID: 31141862.
32. Goldenberg G, Linkner RV, Singer G, Frankel A. An investigator-initiated study to assess the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 3.75% cream when used after cryotherapy in the treatment of hypertrophic actinic keratoses on dorsal hands and forearms. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013 Feb;6(2):36-43. PMID: 23441239; PMCID: PMC3579487.
33. Hashim PW, Nia JK, Singer S, Goldenberg G. An investigator-initiated study to assess the safety and efficacy of ingenol mebutate 0.05% gel when used after cryosurgery in the treatment of hypertrophic actinic keratosis on dorsal hands. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016 Jul;9(7):16-22. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27672408; PMCID: PMC5022999.
34. Hoover WD 3rd, Jorizzo JL, Clark AR, Feldman SR, Holbrook J, Huang KE. Efficacy of cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil cream 0.5% combination therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2014 Nov;94(5):255-9. PMID: 25474455.
35. Berman B, Nestor MS, Newburger J, Park H, Swenson N. Treatment of facial actinic keratoses with aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) or ingenol mebutate 0.015% gel with and without prior treatment with ALAPDT. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014 Nov;13(11):1353-6. PMID: 25607702.
36. Shaffelburg M. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy; and imiquimod 5% cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jan;8(1):35-9. PMID: 19180894.
2. Marks R, Foley P, Goodman G, Hage BH, Selwood TS. Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115:649-655.
3. Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988;1:795-797.
4. Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE, Clark DP. Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. A patient-oriented perspective. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jul;127(7):1029-31. PMID: 2064402.
5. Marks R. The role of treatment of actinic keratoses in the prevention of morbidity and mortality due to squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jul;127(7):1031-3. PMID: 2064403.
6. Schwartz RA, Bridges TM, Butani AK, Ehrlich A. Actinic keratosis: an occupational and environmental disorder. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 May;22(5):606-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02579.x. PMID: 18410618.
7. Gilaberte Y, Casanova JM, Garc a-Malinis AJ, Arias-Santiago S, Garc a de la Fuente MR, Pami s-Gracia M, Ramirez-Palomino J, Ruiz-Campos I, Gracia-Caza a T, Buendia-Eisman A. Skin cancer prevalence in outdoor workers of ski resorts. J Skin Cancer. 2020 Jan 28;2020:8128717. doi: 10.1155/2020/8128717. PMID: 32231797; PMCID: PMC7097757.
8. Berman B, Cockerell CJ. Pathobiology of actinic keratosis: ultravioletdependent keratinocyte proliferation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Jan;68(1 Suppl 1):S10-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.09.053. PMID: 23228301.
9. Heltoft KN, Slagor RM, Agner T, Bonde JP. Metal arc welding and the risk of skin cancer. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2017 Nov;90(8):873-881. doi: 10.1007/s00420-017-1248-5. Epub 2017 Aug 1. PMID: 28766013; PMCID: PMC5640727.
10. Lebwohl M. Actinic Keratosis. JAMA. 2016 Apr 5;315(13):1394-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.3065. PMID: 27046367.
11. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF; Department of Veteran Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial Group. Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Cancer. 2009 Jun 1;115(11):2523-30. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24284. PMID: 19382202.
12. Bickers DR, Lim HW, Margolis D, Weinstock MA, Goodman C, Faulkner E, Gould C, Gemmen E, Dall T; American Academy of Dermatology Association; Society for Investigative Dermatology. The burden of skin diseases: 2004 a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Sep;55(3):490-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.048. PMID: 16908356.
13. Yeung H, Baranowski ML, Swerlick RA, Chen SC, Hemingway J, Hughes DR, Duszak R Jr. Use and cost of actinic keratosis destruction in the Medicare Part B fee-for-service population, 2007 to 2015. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Nov 1;154(11):1281-1285. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3086. PMID: 30326488; PMCID: PMC6248125.
14. Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes: a clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(3 Pt 1):443-8
15. Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, Krekels GA. Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones? Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16(4):335-9.
16. de Oliveira ECV, da Motta VRV, Pantoja PC, Ilha CSO, Magalh es RF, Galadari H, Leonardi GR. Actinic keratosis - review for clinical practice. Int J Dermatol. 2019 Apr;58(4):400-407. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14147. Epub 2018 Aug 2. PMID: 30070357.
17. Lanoue J, Chen C, Goldenberg G. Actinic keratosis as a marker of field cancerization in excision specimens of cutaneous malignancies. Cutis. 2016 Jun;97(6):415-20. PMID: 27416085.
18. Steeb T, Wessely A, Leiter U, French LE, Berking C, Heppt MV. The more the better? An appraisal of combination therapies for actinic keratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Apr;34(4):727-732. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15998. Epub 2019 Nov 11. PMID: 31587385.
19. Foley P, Stockfleth E, Peris K, Basset-Seguin N, Cerio R, Antonio Sanches J, Guillen C, Farrington E, Lebwohl M. Adherence to topical therapies in actinic keratosis: A literature review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016 Nov;27(6):538-545. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2016.1178372. Epub 2016 May 10. PMID: 27161045.
20. Berker D, Mcgregor JM, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the care of patients with actinic keratosis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:20–43. doi:10.1111/bjd.15107
21. Hsu C-C, Sandford BA. The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical assessment, research & evaluation. 2007;12:1-8 22. Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):23-4.
23. Dika E, Vaccari S, Fanti PA, Piraccini BM, Barisani A, Baraldi C, Patrizi A. Pain evaluation in patients affected by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis: an observational study. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Oct;152(5):413-417. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.16.05305-0. Epub 2016 Apr 20. PMID: 27096539.
24. Pyne JH, Myint E, Clark SP, Clifopoulos C, Fishburn P, Gorji M, Hou R. Squamous cell carcinoma: pain as a clue to increased tumour diameter, increased invasion depth, the grade of differentiation, acantholysis and perineural invasion. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020 Mar;45(2):180-186. doi: 10.1111/ ced.14066. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31389055.
25. Fern ndez-Figueras MT, Saenz-Sard X, Vargas P, Thompson CT, Carrato C, Puig L, Ferr ndiz C, Ariza A. The depth of follicular extension in actinic keratosis correlates with the depth of invasion in squamous cell carcinoma: implication for clinical treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Oct;32(10):1657-1661. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14901. Epub 2018 Mar 23. PMID: 29489051.
26. Pandey S, Mercer SE, Dallas K, Emanuel PO, Goldenberg G. Evaluation of the prognostic significance of follicular extension in actinic keratoses. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012 Apr;5(4):25-8. PMID: 22708004; PMCID: PMC3366442.
27. Keller B, Braathen LR, Marti HP, Hunger RE. Skin cancers in renal transplant recipients: a description of the renal transplant cohort in Bern. Swiss Med Wkly. 2010 Jul 15;140:w13036. doi: 10.4414/smw.2010.13036. PMID: 20652847.
28. Matinfar M, Shahidi S, Feizi A. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci. 2018 Feb 20;23:14. doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_817_17. PMID: 29531566; PMCID: PMC5842447.
29. Jansen MHE, Kessels JPHM, Nelemans PJ, Kouloubis N, Arits AHMM, van Pelt HPA, Quaedvlieg PJF, Essers BAB, Steijlen PM, Kelleners-Smeets NWJ, Mosterd K. Randomized trial of four treatment approaches for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 7;380(10):935-946. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1811850. PMID: 30855743.
30. Dianzani C, Conforti C, Giuffrida R, Corneli P, di Meo N, Farinazzo E, Moret A, Magaton Rizzi G, Zalaudek I. Current therapies for actinic keratosis. Int J Dermatol. 2020 Jun;59(6):677-684. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14767. Epub 2020 Feb 3. PMID: 32012240.
31. Hashim PW, Chen T, Rigel D, Bhatia N, Kircik LH. Actinic keratosis: Current therapies and insights into new treatments. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 May 1;18(5):s161-166.. PMID: 31141862.
32. Goldenberg G, Linkner RV, Singer G, Frankel A. An investigator-initiated study to assess the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 3.75% cream when used after cryotherapy in the treatment of hypertrophic actinic keratoses on dorsal hands and forearms. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013 Feb;6(2):36-43. PMID: 23441239; PMCID: PMC3579487.
33. Hashim PW, Nia JK, Singer S, Goldenberg G. An investigator-initiated study to assess the safety and efficacy of ingenol mebutate 0.05% gel when used after cryosurgery in the treatment of hypertrophic actinic keratosis on dorsal hands. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016 Jul;9(7):16-22. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27672408; PMCID: PMC5022999.
34. Hoover WD 3rd, Jorizzo JL, Clark AR, Feldman SR, Holbrook J, Huang KE. Efficacy of cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil cream 0.5% combination therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2014 Nov;94(5):255-9. PMID: 25474455.
35. Berman B, Nestor MS, Newburger J, Park H, Swenson N. Treatment of facial actinic keratoses with aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) or ingenol mebutate 0.015% gel with and without prior treatment with ALAPDT. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014 Nov;13(11):1353-6. PMID: 25607702.
36. Shaffelburg M. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy; and imiquimod 5% cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jan;8(1):35-9. PMID: 19180894.
