J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17:163–69. doi: 10.1007/s40257-015-0171-3.
13. Drucker AM, Wang AR, Li WQ, Sevetson E, Block JK, Qureshi AA. The burden of atopic dermatitis: summary of a report for the National Eczema Association. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(1):26–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.012.
14. Silverberg, JI, Becker L, Kwasny M, Menter A, Cordoro KM, Paller AS. Central obesity and high blood pressure in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;(2):144–52.
15. Flohr C, Mann J. New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2014;69(1):3–16. doi: 10.1111/all.12270.
16. Nikolovski J, Stamatas GN, Kollias N, Wiegand BC. Barrier function and water- holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the first year of life. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(7):1728–36. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701239.
17. Kelleher M, Dunn-Galvin A, Hourihane JO, Murray D, Campbell LE, McLean WH, et al. Skin barrier dysfunction measured by transepidermal water loss at 2 days and 2 months predates and predicts atopic dermatitis at 1 year. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):930–35.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.013.
18. Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Lachmann N, Baudouin C, Msika P, De Belilovsky C, et al. Infant epidermal skin physiology: adaptation after birth. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(3):483–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10659.x.
19. Fluhr JW, Lachmann N, Baudouin C, Msika P, Darlenski R, De Belilovsky C, et al. Development and organization of human stratum corneum after birth: electron microscopy isotropy score and immunocytochemical corneocyte labelling as epidermal maturation's markers in infancy. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):978–86. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12880.
20. Chittock J, Cooke A, Lavender T, Brown K, Wigley A, Victor S, et al. Development of stratum corneum chymotryp-sin-like protease activity and natural moisturising factors from birth to 4 weeks of age compared to adults. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):713–20 doi: 10.1111/bjd.14568.
21. Halmerbauer G, Gartner C, Schieri M, Arshad H, Dean T, Koller DY, et al. Study on the prevention of allergy in chil-dren in Europe (SPACE): allergic sensitization in children at 1 year of age in a controlled trial of allergen avoidance from birth. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(s15):47–54.
22. Kelleher MM, Dunn-Galvin A, Gray C, Murray D, Kiely M, Kenny L, et al. Skin barrier impairment at birth predicts food allergy at 2 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4)4:1111–16.e8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaci.2015.12.1312.
23. Simpson EL, Chalmers JR, Hanifin JM, Thomas KS, Cork MJ, McLean WH, et al. Emollient enhancement of the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):818–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.005.
24. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kitazawa H, Nozaki M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):824–30.e6. doi: 10.1016/j. jaci.2014.07.060.
25. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kabashima S, Inoue E, et al. Transepidermal water loss measurement during infancy can predict the subsequent development of atopic dermatitis regardless of filaggrin mutations. Allergol Int. 2016;165(1):103–8. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2015.09.004. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
26. Lowe AJ, Su JC, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ, Cranswick N, Robertson CF, et al. A randomised trial of a barrier lipid re-placement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitisation: the PEBBLES Pilot Study. Br J Dermatol. 2017;178(1):e19–e21. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15747.
27. Kvenshagen BK, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Berents TL, Carlsen KC. Can early skin care normalise dry skin and pos-sibly prevent atopic eczema? A pilot study in young infants. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42(6):539–43. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.06.003.
28. Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13.
29. Natsume O, Ohya Y. Recent advancement to prevent the development of allergy and allergic diseases and therapeutic strategy in the perspective of barrier dysfunction. Allergol Int. 2018;67:24–31.
30. Anh NHK, Son HL. Potentials of plant oils in pruritus alleviation. JAMPS. 2016;11(2):1–14.
31. Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L. The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, dou-ble-blind, clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(1):100–8.
32. Agero AL, Verallo-Rowell VM. A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis. 2004;15(3):109–16.
33. Darmstadt GL, Mao-Qiang M, Chi E, Saha SK, Ziboh VA, Black RE, et al. Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: Possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(5):546–54.
34. Eichenfield LF, McCollum A, Msika P. The benefits of sunflower oleodistillate (SOD) in pediatric dermatology. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(6):669–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01042.x.
35. Piccardi N, Piccirilli A, Choulot J, Msika P. Sunflower oil oleodistillate for atopy treatment: An in vitro and clinical evaluation. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(2):418.
36. Msika P, De Belilovsky C, Piccardi N, Chebassier N, Baudouin C, Chadoutaud B. New emollient with topical cortico-steroid-sparing effect in treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis: SCORAD and Quality of Life improvement. Pediatr Dermatology. 2008;25(6):606–12.
37. De Belilovsky C, Roo-Rodriguez E, Baudouin C, Menu F, Chadoutaud B, Miska P. Natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist cream demonstrates similar therapeutic response to topical steroids in atopic derma- titis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22(6):359–65.
38. Foisy M, Boyle RJ, Chalmers JR, Simpson EL, Williams HC. Overview of reviews. The prevention of eczema in in-fants and children: an overview of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews. Evid Based Child Health. 2011;6(5):1322–39.
39. Eichenfield LF, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 2: Management of AD. JAAD. 2014;71(1):116–32. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2014.03.023. Epub 2014 May 9.
40. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, Lavrijsen APM, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturizers for eczema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017;2:CD012119. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012119.pub2.
41. Karagounis TK, Gittler JK, Rotemberg Y, Morel KD. Use of natural oils for moisturization: Review of olive, coconut, and sunflower seed oil. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(1):9-15. doi: 10.1111/pde.13621. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
13. Drucker AM, Wang AR, Li WQ, Sevetson E, Block JK, Qureshi AA. The burden of atopic dermatitis: summary of a report for the National Eczema Association. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(1):26–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.012.
14. Silverberg, JI, Becker L, Kwasny M, Menter A, Cordoro KM, Paller AS. Central obesity and high blood pressure in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;(2):144–52.
15. Flohr C, Mann J. New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2014;69(1):3–16. doi: 10.1111/all.12270.
16. Nikolovski J, Stamatas GN, Kollias N, Wiegand BC. Barrier function and water- holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the first year of life. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(7):1728–36. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701239.
17. Kelleher M, Dunn-Galvin A, Hourihane JO, Murray D, Campbell LE, McLean WH, et al. Skin barrier dysfunction measured by transepidermal water loss at 2 days and 2 months predates and predicts atopic dermatitis at 1 year. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):930–35.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.013.
18. Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Lachmann N, Baudouin C, Msika P, De Belilovsky C, et al. Infant epidermal skin physiology: adaptation after birth. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(3):483–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10659.x.
19. Fluhr JW, Lachmann N, Baudouin C, Msika P, Darlenski R, De Belilovsky C, et al. Development and organization of human stratum corneum after birth: electron microscopy isotropy score and immunocytochemical corneocyte labelling as epidermal maturation's markers in infancy. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):978–86. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12880.
20. Chittock J, Cooke A, Lavender T, Brown K, Wigley A, Victor S, et al. Development of stratum corneum chymotryp-sin-like protease activity and natural moisturising factors from birth to 4 weeks of age compared to adults. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):713–20 doi: 10.1111/bjd.14568.
21. Halmerbauer G, Gartner C, Schieri M, Arshad H, Dean T, Koller DY, et al. Study on the prevention of allergy in chil-dren in Europe (SPACE): allergic sensitization in children at 1 year of age in a controlled trial of allergen avoidance from birth. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(s15):47–54.
22. Kelleher MM, Dunn-Galvin A, Gray C, Murray D, Kiely M, Kenny L, et al. Skin barrier impairment at birth predicts food allergy at 2 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4)4:1111–16.e8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaci.2015.12.1312.
23. Simpson EL, Chalmers JR, Hanifin JM, Thomas KS, Cork MJ, McLean WH, et al. Emollient enhancement of the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):818–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.005.
24. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kitazawa H, Nozaki M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):824–30.e6. doi: 10.1016/j. jaci.2014.07.060.
25. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kabashima S, Inoue E, et al. Transepidermal water loss measurement during infancy can predict the subsequent development of atopic dermatitis regardless of filaggrin mutations. Allergol Int. 2016;165(1):103–8. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2015.09.004. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
26. Lowe AJ, Su JC, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ, Cranswick N, Robertson CF, et al. A randomised trial of a barrier lipid re-placement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitisation: the PEBBLES Pilot Study. Br J Dermatol. 2017;178(1):e19–e21. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15747.
27. Kvenshagen BK, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Berents TL, Carlsen KC. Can early skin care normalise dry skin and pos-sibly prevent atopic eczema? A pilot study in young infants. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42(6):539–43. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.06.003.
28. Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13.
29. Natsume O, Ohya Y. Recent advancement to prevent the development of allergy and allergic diseases and therapeutic strategy in the perspective of barrier dysfunction. Allergol Int. 2018;67:24–31.
30. Anh NHK, Son HL. Potentials of plant oils in pruritus alleviation. JAMPS. 2016;11(2):1–14.
31. Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L. The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, dou-ble-blind, clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(1):100–8.
32. Agero AL, Verallo-Rowell VM. A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis. 2004;15(3):109–16.
33. Darmstadt GL, Mao-Qiang M, Chi E, Saha SK, Ziboh VA, Black RE, et al. Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: Possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(5):546–54.
34. Eichenfield LF, McCollum A, Msika P. The benefits of sunflower oleodistillate (SOD) in pediatric dermatology. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(6):669–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01042.x.
35. Piccardi N, Piccirilli A, Choulot J, Msika P. Sunflower oil oleodistillate for atopy treatment: An in vitro and clinical evaluation. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(2):418.
36. Msika P, De Belilovsky C, Piccardi N, Chebassier N, Baudouin C, Chadoutaud B. New emollient with topical cortico-steroid-sparing effect in treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis: SCORAD and Quality of Life improvement. Pediatr Dermatology. 2008;25(6):606–12.
37. De Belilovsky C, Roo-Rodriguez E, Baudouin C, Menu F, Chadoutaud B, Miska P. Natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist cream demonstrates similar therapeutic response to topical steroids in atopic derma- titis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22(6):359–65.
38. Foisy M, Boyle RJ, Chalmers JR, Simpson EL, Williams HC. Overview of reviews. The prevention of eczema in in-fants and children: an overview of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews. Evid Based Child Health. 2011;6(5):1322–39.
39. Eichenfield LF, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 2: Management of AD. JAAD. 2014;71(1):116–32. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2014.03.023. Epub 2014 May 9.
40. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, Lavrijsen APM, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturizers for eczema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017;2:CD012119. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012119.pub2.
41. Karagounis TK, Gittler JK, Rotemberg Y, Morel KD. Use of natural oils for moisturization: Review of olive, coconut, and sunflower seed oil. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(1):9-15. doi: 10.1111/pde.13621. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
