16. Scheynius A, Johansson C, Buentke E, et al. Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and Malassezia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002;127(3):161-9. doi: 10.1159/000053860. PMID: 11979041.
17. Jain C, Das S, Ramachandran VG, et al. Malassezia yeast and cytokine gene polymorphism in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(3):DC01-DC05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/23948.9474
18. Bäck O, Bartosik J. Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15(1):34-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00207.x. PMID: 11451319.
19. Hiragun T, Ishii K, Hiragun M, et al. Fungal protein MGL_1304 in sweat is an allergen for atopic dermatitis patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(3):608-615.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.047. Epub 2013 May 29. PMID: 23726042.
20. Cabanillas B, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis and filaggrin. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;42:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.002. Epub 2016 May 17. PMID: 27206013.
21. Irvine AD, McLean WH, Leung DY. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(14):1315-27. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMra1011040. PMID: 21991953.
22. Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):792-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.014. Epub 2014 Jul 25. PMID: 25065719.
23. Fowler, J. Understanding the role of natural moisturizing factor in skin hydration. Pract Dermatol. 2012;36-40.
24. Kezic S, O'Regan GM, Yau N, et al. Levels of filaggrin degradation products are influenced by both filaggrin genotype and atopic dermatitis severity. Allergy. 2011;66(7):934-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02540.x. Epub 2011 Jan 25. PMID: 21261659; PMCID: PMC3586662.
25. Lyons JJ, Milner JD, Stone KD. Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2015;35(1):161-83. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.008. Epub 2014 Nov 21. PMID: 25459583; PMCID: PMC4254569.
26. McAleer MA, Jakasa I, Raj N, et al. Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):431-441. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16691. Epub 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 29691836; PMCID: PMC6175251.
27. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17 Suppl 1:43-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1005.x. PMID: 14728698.
28. Tagami H. Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30(6):413-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x. PMID: 19099543.
29. Maarouf M, Saberian C, Lio PA, et al. Head-and-neck dermatitis: diagnostic difficulties and management pearls. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(6):748-753. doi: 10.1111/pde.13642. Epub 2018 Aug 28. PMID: 30152560.
30. Puri P, Nandar SK, Kathuria S, et al. Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2017;83(4):415-423. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.199579. PMID: 28195077.
31. Biniek K, Levi K, Dauskardt RH. Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(42):17111-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206851109. Epub 2012 Oct 1. PMID: 23027968; PMCID: PMC3479513.
32. Sargen MR, Hoffstad O, Margolis DJ. Warm, humid, and high sun exposure climates are associated with poorly controlled eczema: PEER (Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry) cohort, 2004-2012. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):51-57. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.274. Epub 2013 Jun 17. Erratum in: J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1779. PMID: 23774527; PMCID: PMC3869874.
33. Kantor R, Silverberg JI. Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(1):15- 26. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1212660. Epub 2016 Jul 28. PMID: 27417220; PMCID: PMC5216178.
34. Patrizi A, Savoia F, Giacomini F, et al. The effect of summer holidays and sun exposure on atopic dermatitis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144(4):463-6. PMID: 19755951.
35. Suárez-Varela MM, GarcÃa-Marcos Alvarez L, Kogan MD, et al. Climate and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6- to 7-year-old school children in Spain. ISAAC phase III. Int J Biometeorol. 2008;52(8):833-40. doi: 10.1007/s00484- 008-0177-0. Epub 2008 Sep 9. PMID: 18779981.
36. Patrizi A, Raone B, Ravaioli GM. Safety and efficacy of phototherapy in the management of eczema. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;996:319-331. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_27. PMID: 29124712.
37. Amestejani M, Salehi BS, Vasigh M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a clinical trial study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(3):327-30. PMID: 22395583.
38. Zirwas MJ. Contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(1):119-128. doi: 10.1007/s12016-018-8717-9. PMID: 30421329.
39. Fournière M, Latire T, Souak D, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: two major sentinels of skin microbiota and the influence of cosmetics. microorganisms. 2020;8(11):1752. Published 2020 Nov 7. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111752
40. Wallen-Russell C. The role of every-day cosmetics in altering the skin microbiome: a study using biodiversity. Cosmetics. 2018;6:2. doi: 10.3390/ cosmetics6010002.
41. Bouslimani A, da Silva R, Kosciolek T, et al. The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biol. 2019;17(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6. PMID: 31189482; PMCID: PMC6560912.
42. Cartledge N, Chan S. Atopic dermatitis and food allergy: a paediatric approach. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2018;14(3):171-179. doi: 10.2174/157339631466 6180613083616. PMID: 29895253.
43. Amado A, Jacob SE. Dermatitis de contacto por alimentos [Contact dermatitis caused by foods]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2007;98(7):452-8. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/s0001-7310(07)70107-2. PMID: 17669298.
44. Kong HH, Oh J, Deming C, et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850-859. doi:10.1101/gr.131029.111
45. Jaros J, Hendricks AJ, Shi VY, et al. A practical approach to recalcitrant face and neck dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2020;31(3):169-177. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000590. PMID: 32355092.
46. Papier A, Strowd LC. Atopic dermatitis: a review of topical nonsteroid therapy. Drugs Context. 2018;7:212521. Published 2018 Apr 3. doi:10.7573/ dic.212521
47. Murrell DF, Calvieri S, Ortonne JP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adolescents and adults with head and neck atopic dermatitis and intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(5):954-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08192.x. PMID: 17935515.
17. Jain C, Das S, Ramachandran VG, et al. Malassezia yeast and cytokine gene polymorphism in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(3):DC01-DC05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/23948.9474
18. Bäck O, Bartosik J. Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15(1):34-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00207.x. PMID: 11451319.
19. Hiragun T, Ishii K, Hiragun M, et al. Fungal protein MGL_1304 in sweat is an allergen for atopic dermatitis patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(3):608-615.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.047. Epub 2013 May 29. PMID: 23726042.
20. Cabanillas B, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis and filaggrin. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;42:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.002. Epub 2016 May 17. PMID: 27206013.
21. Irvine AD, McLean WH, Leung DY. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(14):1315-27. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMra1011040. PMID: 21991953.
22. Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):792-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.014. Epub 2014 Jul 25. PMID: 25065719.
23. Fowler, J. Understanding the role of natural moisturizing factor in skin hydration. Pract Dermatol. 2012;36-40.
24. Kezic S, O'Regan GM, Yau N, et al. Levels of filaggrin degradation products are influenced by both filaggrin genotype and atopic dermatitis severity. Allergy. 2011;66(7):934-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02540.x. Epub 2011 Jan 25. PMID: 21261659; PMCID: PMC3586662.
25. Lyons JJ, Milner JD, Stone KD. Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2015;35(1):161-83. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.008. Epub 2014 Nov 21. PMID: 25459583; PMCID: PMC4254569.
26. McAleer MA, Jakasa I, Raj N, et al. Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):431-441. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16691. Epub 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 29691836; PMCID: PMC6175251.
27. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17 Suppl 1:43-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1005.x. PMID: 14728698.
28. Tagami H. Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30(6):413-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x. PMID: 19099543.
29. Maarouf M, Saberian C, Lio PA, et al. Head-and-neck dermatitis: diagnostic difficulties and management pearls. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(6):748-753. doi: 10.1111/pde.13642. Epub 2018 Aug 28. PMID: 30152560.
30. Puri P, Nandar SK, Kathuria S, et al. Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2017;83(4):415-423. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.199579. PMID: 28195077.
31. Biniek K, Levi K, Dauskardt RH. Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(42):17111-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206851109. Epub 2012 Oct 1. PMID: 23027968; PMCID: PMC3479513.
32. Sargen MR, Hoffstad O, Margolis DJ. Warm, humid, and high sun exposure climates are associated with poorly controlled eczema: PEER (Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry) cohort, 2004-2012. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):51-57. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.274. Epub 2013 Jun 17. Erratum in: J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1779. PMID: 23774527; PMCID: PMC3869874.
33. Kantor R, Silverberg JI. Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(1):15- 26. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1212660. Epub 2016 Jul 28. PMID: 27417220; PMCID: PMC5216178.
34. Patrizi A, Savoia F, Giacomini F, et al. The effect of summer holidays and sun exposure on atopic dermatitis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144(4):463-6. PMID: 19755951.
35. Suárez-Varela MM, GarcÃa-Marcos Alvarez L, Kogan MD, et al. Climate and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6- to 7-year-old school children in Spain. ISAAC phase III. Int J Biometeorol. 2008;52(8):833-40. doi: 10.1007/s00484- 008-0177-0. Epub 2008 Sep 9. PMID: 18779981.
36. Patrizi A, Raone B, Ravaioli GM. Safety and efficacy of phototherapy in the management of eczema. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;996:319-331. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_27. PMID: 29124712.
37. Amestejani M, Salehi BS, Vasigh M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a clinical trial study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(3):327-30. PMID: 22395583.
38. Zirwas MJ. Contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(1):119-128. doi: 10.1007/s12016-018-8717-9. PMID: 30421329.
39. Fournière M, Latire T, Souak D, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: two major sentinels of skin microbiota and the influence of cosmetics. microorganisms. 2020;8(11):1752. Published 2020 Nov 7. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111752
40. Wallen-Russell C. The role of every-day cosmetics in altering the skin microbiome: a study using biodiversity. Cosmetics. 2018;6:2. doi: 10.3390/ cosmetics6010002.
41. Bouslimani A, da Silva R, Kosciolek T, et al. The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biol. 2019;17(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6. PMID: 31189482; PMCID: PMC6560912.
42. Cartledge N, Chan S. Atopic dermatitis and food allergy: a paediatric approach. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2018;14(3):171-179. doi: 10.2174/157339631466 6180613083616. PMID: 29895253.
43. Amado A, Jacob SE. Dermatitis de contacto por alimentos [Contact dermatitis caused by foods]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2007;98(7):452-8. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/s0001-7310(07)70107-2. PMID: 17669298.
44. Kong HH, Oh J, Deming C, et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850-859. doi:10.1101/gr.131029.111
45. Jaros J, Hendricks AJ, Shi VY, et al. A practical approach to recalcitrant face and neck dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2020;31(3):169-177. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000590. PMID: 32355092.
46. Papier A, Strowd LC. Atopic dermatitis: a review of topical nonsteroid therapy. Drugs Context. 2018;7:212521. Published 2018 Apr 3. doi:10.7573/ dic.212521
47. Murrell DF, Calvieri S, Ortonne JP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adolescents and adults with head and neck atopic dermatitis and intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(5):954-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08192.x. PMID: 17935515.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Jacqueline Maher BA jmaher5@student.nymc.edu
