9. Medgyesi, Barbara, et al. rosacea is characterized by a profoundly diminished skin barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(10):1938-1950.
10. Darlenski R, Kazandijeva J, Tsankov N, Fluhr JW. Acute irritant threshold correlates with barrier function, skin hydration and contact hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Experimental Dermatol. 2013 (9) https://doi. org/10.1111/exd.12251
11. Crawford GH, Pelle MH, James WD. Rosacea: I. Etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004:327–341.
12. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on assessment of skin characteristic study. Cutis. 2009;84:72–76.
13. Lonne-Rahm SB, Fischer T, Berg M. Stinging and rosacea. Acta Derm Venerol. 1999;79:460–461.
14. Ni Raghallaigh S, Bender K, Lacey N, Brennan L, Powell FC. The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(2):259-266
15. Lynde CW, Tan J, Skotnicki S, Andriessen A. Clinical insights about the role of skin pH in inflammatory dermatological conditions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12)S-1:1-16.
16. Yuan C, Ma Y, Humbert P et al. rosacea is associated with conjoined interactions between physical barrier of the skin and microorganisms: A pilot study. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(9): e23363
17. Holmes AD. Potential role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:1025â€1032.
18. Lazaridou E, Giannopoulou C, Fotiadou C, et al. The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:21â€25.
19. Murillo N, Raoult D. Skin microbiota: overview and role in the skin diseases acne vulgaris and rosacea. Future Microbiol. 2013;8:209â€222.
20. Picardo M, Ottaviani M. Skin microbiome and skin disease: the example of rosacea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48:S85â€S86.
21. Brouwers M, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al.; AGREE Next Steps Consortium. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. Can Med Association J. 2010,182:E839- 42
22. Trevelyan EG, Robinson N. (2015). Delphi methodology in health research: how to do it? Eur J Integrative Med. 2015;7(4):423-428.
23. Smith Begolka W, Elston DM, Beutner KR. American Academy of Dermatology evidence-based guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jun;64(6):e105-12. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2010.10.029.
24. Guenther L. Presentation at Derm. Update, Fall 2018, Montreal, Canada http://www.slideshare.net/jrcampos/03-algorithm-properties
25. Achermann Y, Goldstein EJ, Coenye T, Shirtliff ME. Propionibacterium acnes: from commensal to opportunistic biofilm-associated implant pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:419-440.
26. Aubin GG, Portillo ME, Trampuz A, Corvec S Propionibacterium acnes, an emerging pathogen: from acne to implant-infections, from phylotype to resistance. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44:241-250.
27. Jarmuda S, O'Reilly N, Żaba R, et al. Potential role of Demodex mites and bacteria in the induction of rosacea. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:1504-1510.
28. Chen W, Plewig G. Are Demodex mites principal, conspirator, accomplice, witness or bystander in the cause of rosacea? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(2):67-72.
29. Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, et al. Rosacea comorbidities and future research: The 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Nov 1. pii: S0190- 9622(17)32052-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.06.150.
30. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J et al. Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: An updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181:65-79.
31. Tan J, Blume-Peytavi U, Ortonne JP, Wilhelm K, Marticou L, Baltas E, et al. An observational cross-sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:555-62.
32. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R et al. consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 1: a status report on the disease state, general measures, and adjunctive skin care. Cutis. 2013; 92: 234– 40.
33. Tan J, Almeida LMC, Bewley A, et al. Updating the diagnosis, classification and assessment of rosacea: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):431-438. Doi:10.1111/bjd.15122.
34. The National Rosacea Society (NRS). https://www.rosacea.org/ physicians/patient-education-materials
35. Guttman Krader C. Education key to optimizing care of rosacea. Dermatol Times. 2020;4. https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/ education-key-optimizing-care-rosacea-patients
36. Kronemeyer B. Multimodal plan combats combination rosacea. Dermatol Times. 2021;4(12):37.
37. Van Zuuren EJ, van der Linden MMD, Arents BWM. Rosacea treatment guideline for The Netherlands. Br J Dermatol. 2020 182:1504-1506. https:// doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19073
38. Asai Y, Tan J, Baibergenova A et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for rosacea. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016; 20:432– 45.
39. Marson JW, Baldwin HE. Rosacea: a holistic review and update from pathogenesis to diagnosis to therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(6):e175-e182)
40. Anzengruber F, Czernielewski J, Conrad C et al. Swiss S1 guideline for the treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2017;31:1775–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14349
41. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R, Webster G, Tanghetti E, Eichenfield LF, et al.; American Acne & Rosacea Society. Consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 5: a guide on the management of rosacea. Cutis. 2014;93:134-8. 11.
42. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Rosacea: part II. Topical and systemic therapies in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:761-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.027
43. Strugar TL, Kuo A, Seite S, Lin M, Lio P. Connecting the dots: from skin barrier dysfunction to allergic sensitization, and the role of moisturizers in repairing the skin barrier. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(6):581.
44. Skotnicki S, Shulgan C. Beyond soap: The real truth about what you are doing to your skin and how to fix it for a beautiful healthy glow: Penguin Canada. 2018.
45. Baia de Melo Magalhães Goncalves MM, Soares Rodrigues Tavares de Pina ME. Dermocosmetic care for rosacea. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53(4);e00182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175- 97902017000400182
46. Sander M, Sander Mi, Burbidge T, Beecker J. The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer. Can Med Assn J. 2020;192(12):E1802-8. Doi:10.1503/cmaj.201085
47. Baldwin H, Santoro F, Lachmann N, Teissedre S. A novel moisturizer with high sun protection factor improves barrier function and the visible appearance of rosacea-prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18:1686-1692. doi: 10.1111/ jocd.12889
48. Grivet-Seyve M, Santoro F, Lachmann N. Evaluation of a novel very high sun-protection-factor moisturizer in adults with rosacea-prone sensitive skin. Clin Cosmet Investing Dermatol. 2017;(10):211-219.
49. Dumbuya H, Yan X, Chen Y et al. Efficacy of ceramide-containing formulations on UV-induced skin surface barrier alterations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4 Suppl):s29-35.
50. Zeichner JA, Del Rosso JQ. Multivesicular emulsion ceramidecontaining moisturizers: an evaluation of their role in the management of common skin disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(12):26-32. PMID: 28210396 | PMCID: PMC5300724
51. Crudele J, Kim E, Murray K, Regan J. The importance of understanding consumer preferences for dermatologist recommended skin cleansing and care products. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1 Suppl):s75-79.
52. Taieb A, Khemis A, Ruzicka T, Barańska-Rybak W, Berth-Jones J, Schauber J, et al. Ivermectin Phase III Study Group. Maintenance of remission following successful treatment of papulopustular rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream vs. metronidazole 0.75% cream: 36-week extension of the ATTRACT randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:829-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13537
53. Sbidian E, Vicaut É, Chidiack H, Anselin E, Cribier B, Dréno B, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of oral low-dose isotretinoin for difficult-to-treat papulopustular rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1124-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jid.2016.01.025
54. Del Rosso JQ, Draelos ZD, Effron C, et al. Oral sarecycline for treatment of papulopustular rosacea: Results of a pilot study of efficacy and safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4).
10. Darlenski R, Kazandijeva J, Tsankov N, Fluhr JW. Acute irritant threshold correlates with barrier function, skin hydration and contact hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Experimental Dermatol. 2013 (9) https://doi. org/10.1111/exd.12251
11. Crawford GH, Pelle MH, James WD. Rosacea: I. Etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004:327–341.
12. Del Rosso JQ. The use of moisturizers as an integral component of topical therapy for rosacea: clinical results based on assessment of skin characteristic study. Cutis. 2009;84:72–76.
13. Lonne-Rahm SB, Fischer T, Berg M. Stinging and rosacea. Acta Derm Venerol. 1999;79:460–461.
14. Ni Raghallaigh S, Bender K, Lacey N, Brennan L, Powell FC. The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(2):259-266
15. Lynde CW, Tan J, Skotnicki S, Andriessen A. Clinical insights about the role of skin pH in inflammatory dermatological conditions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12)S-1:1-16.
16. Yuan C, Ma Y, Humbert P et al. rosacea is associated with conjoined interactions between physical barrier of the skin and microorganisms: A pilot study. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(9): e23363
17. Holmes AD. Potential role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:1025â€1032.
18. Lazaridou E, Giannopoulou C, Fotiadou C, et al. The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:21â€25.
19. Murillo N, Raoult D. Skin microbiota: overview and role in the skin diseases acne vulgaris and rosacea. Future Microbiol. 2013;8:209â€222.
20. Picardo M, Ottaviani M. Skin microbiome and skin disease: the example of rosacea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48:S85â€S86.
21. Brouwers M, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al.; AGREE Next Steps Consortium. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. Can Med Association J. 2010,182:E839- 42
22. Trevelyan EG, Robinson N. (2015). Delphi methodology in health research: how to do it? Eur J Integrative Med. 2015;7(4):423-428.
23. Smith Begolka W, Elston DM, Beutner KR. American Academy of Dermatology evidence-based guideline development process: responding to new challenges and establishing transparency. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jun;64(6):e105-12. doi: 10.1016/j. jaad.2010.10.029.
24. Guenther L. Presentation at Derm. Update, Fall 2018, Montreal, Canada http://www.slideshare.net/jrcampos/03-algorithm-properties
25. Achermann Y, Goldstein EJ, Coenye T, Shirtliff ME. Propionibacterium acnes: from commensal to opportunistic biofilm-associated implant pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:419-440.
26. Aubin GG, Portillo ME, Trampuz A, Corvec S Propionibacterium acnes, an emerging pathogen: from acne to implant-infections, from phylotype to resistance. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44:241-250.
27. Jarmuda S, O'Reilly N, Żaba R, et al. Potential role of Demodex mites and bacteria in the induction of rosacea. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:1504-1510.
28. Chen W, Plewig G. Are Demodex mites principal, conspirator, accomplice, witness or bystander in the cause of rosacea? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(2):67-72.
29. Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, et al. Rosacea comorbidities and future research: The 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Nov 1. pii: S0190- 9622(17)32052-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.06.150.
30. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J et al. Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: An updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181:65-79.
31. Tan J, Blume-Peytavi U, Ortonne JP, Wilhelm K, Marticou L, Baltas E, et al. An observational cross-sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:555-62.
32. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R et al. consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 1: a status report on the disease state, general measures, and adjunctive skin care. Cutis. 2013; 92: 234– 40.
33. Tan J, Almeida LMC, Bewley A, et al. Updating the diagnosis, classification and assessment of rosacea: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):431-438. Doi:10.1111/bjd.15122.
34. The National Rosacea Society (NRS). https://www.rosacea.org/ physicians/patient-education-materials
35. Guttman Krader C. Education key to optimizing care of rosacea. Dermatol Times. 2020;4. https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/ education-key-optimizing-care-rosacea-patients
36. Kronemeyer B. Multimodal plan combats combination rosacea. Dermatol Times. 2021;4(12):37.
37. Van Zuuren EJ, van der Linden MMD, Arents BWM. Rosacea treatment guideline for The Netherlands. Br J Dermatol. 2020 182:1504-1506. https:// doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19073
38. Asai Y, Tan J, Baibergenova A et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for rosacea. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016; 20:432– 45.
39. Marson JW, Baldwin HE. Rosacea: a holistic review and update from pathogenesis to diagnosis to therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(6):e175-e182)
40. Anzengruber F, Czernielewski J, Conrad C et al. Swiss S1 guideline for the treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2017;31:1775–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14349
41. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R, Webster G, Tanghetti E, Eichenfield LF, et al.; American Acne & Rosacea Society. Consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 5: a guide on the management of rosacea. Cutis. 2014;93:134-8. 11.
42. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Rosacea: part II. Topical and systemic therapies in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:761-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.027
43. Strugar TL, Kuo A, Seite S, Lin M, Lio P. Connecting the dots: from skin barrier dysfunction to allergic sensitization, and the role of moisturizers in repairing the skin barrier. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(6):581.
44. Skotnicki S, Shulgan C. Beyond soap: The real truth about what you are doing to your skin and how to fix it for a beautiful healthy glow: Penguin Canada. 2018.
45. Baia de Melo Magalhães Goncalves MM, Soares Rodrigues Tavares de Pina ME. Dermocosmetic care for rosacea. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53(4);e00182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175- 97902017000400182
46. Sander M, Sander Mi, Burbidge T, Beecker J. The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer. Can Med Assn J. 2020;192(12):E1802-8. Doi:10.1503/cmaj.201085
47. Baldwin H, Santoro F, Lachmann N, Teissedre S. A novel moisturizer with high sun protection factor improves barrier function and the visible appearance of rosacea-prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18:1686-1692. doi: 10.1111/ jocd.12889
48. Grivet-Seyve M, Santoro F, Lachmann N. Evaluation of a novel very high sun-protection-factor moisturizer in adults with rosacea-prone sensitive skin. Clin Cosmet Investing Dermatol. 2017;(10):211-219.
49. Dumbuya H, Yan X, Chen Y et al. Efficacy of ceramide-containing formulations on UV-induced skin surface barrier alterations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4 Suppl):s29-35.
50. Zeichner JA, Del Rosso JQ. Multivesicular emulsion ceramidecontaining moisturizers: an evaluation of their role in the management of common skin disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(12):26-32. PMID: 28210396 | PMCID: PMC5300724
51. Crudele J, Kim E, Murray K, Regan J. The importance of understanding consumer preferences for dermatologist recommended skin cleansing and care products. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1 Suppl):s75-79.
52. Taieb A, Khemis A, Ruzicka T, Barańska-Rybak W, Berth-Jones J, Schauber J, et al. Ivermectin Phase III Study Group. Maintenance of remission following successful treatment of papulopustular rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream vs. metronidazole 0.75% cream: 36-week extension of the ATTRACT randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:829-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13537
53. Sbidian E, Vicaut É, Chidiack H, Anselin E, Cribier B, Dréno B, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of oral low-dose isotretinoin for difficult-to-treat papulopustular rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1124-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jid.2016.01.025
54. Del Rosso JQ, Draelos ZD, Effron C, et al. Oral sarecycline for treatment of papulopustular rosacea: Results of a pilot study of efficacy and safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(4).
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
