19. Meza D, Patel R, Kaur S, et al. Not All Retinol Formulations Are Created Equal: Assessing Bioactivity of a Stabilized Retinol Composition in Human Skin Models. Fall Clinical Dermatology Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA; October 21-24, 2021
20. Latter G, Grice JE, Mohammed J, et al. Targeted topical delivery of retinoids in the management of acne vulgaris: Current formulation and novel delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2019:11(10)490-516.
21. Elder JT, Astrom A, Pettersson U, et al. Retinoic acid receptors and binding proteins in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98(6):36S-41S.
22. Fisher GJ, Talwar HS, Xiao JH, et al. Immunological identification and functional quantitation of retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor proteins in the human skin. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:20629-20635
23. Kim A, Winkle SH. 2021. Cosmeceuticals using vitamin and its derivatives plus new delivery methods for them. In: J Comstock and MH Gold (Eds). Cosmeceuticals. pp. 26-37. Basel, Switzerland. Karger.
24. Fisher GJ, Datta SC, Talwar HS, et al. Molecular basis of suninduced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature. 1996;379:335-339
25. Kang S, Duell EA, Fisher GJ et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:549-556.
26. Bellemere G, Stamatas GN, Bruere V, et al. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009,22(4):200-209.
27. Li WH, Wong HK, Serrano J, et al. Topical stabilized retinol treatment induces the expression of HAS genes and HA production in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309:275-283.
28. Kafi R, Kawk HS, Schumacher WE, et al. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (Retinol). Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:606- 612.
29. Kong R, Cui Y, Fisher GJ et al. A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin. J Cos Derm. 2015;15:49-57
30. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharacee-Kermani M, et al. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged skin. J Invest Derm. 2000;114(3):480-486.
31. Rossetti D, Kielmanowicz G, Vigodman S, et al. A novel anti-ageing mechanisms for retinol: induction of dermal elastin synthesis and elastin fibre formation. Int J Cos Science. 2011;33:62-69.
32. Randhawa M, Rossetti D, Leyden JJ, et al. One-year topical stabilized retinol treatment improves photodamaged skin in a double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. J Drug Dermatol. 2015;14(3):271-276.
20. Latter G, Grice JE, Mohammed J, et al. Targeted topical delivery of retinoids in the management of acne vulgaris: Current formulation and novel delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2019:11(10)490-516.
21. Elder JT, Astrom A, Pettersson U, et al. Retinoic acid receptors and binding proteins in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98(6):36S-41S.
22. Fisher GJ, Talwar HS, Xiao JH, et al. Immunological identification and functional quantitation of retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor proteins in the human skin. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:20629-20635
23. Kim A, Winkle SH. 2021. Cosmeceuticals using vitamin and its derivatives plus new delivery methods for them. In: J Comstock and MH Gold (Eds). Cosmeceuticals. pp. 26-37. Basel, Switzerland. Karger.
24. Fisher GJ, Datta SC, Talwar HS, et al. Molecular basis of suninduced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature. 1996;379:335-339
25. Kang S, Duell EA, Fisher GJ et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:549-556.
26. Bellemere G, Stamatas GN, Bruere V, et al. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009,22(4):200-209.
27. Li WH, Wong HK, Serrano J, et al. Topical stabilized retinol treatment induces the expression of HAS genes and HA production in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309:275-283.
28. Kafi R, Kawk HS, Schumacher WE, et al. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (Retinol). Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:606- 612.
29. Kong R, Cui Y, Fisher GJ et al. A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin. J Cos Derm. 2015;15:49-57
30. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharacee-Kermani M, et al. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged skin. J Invest Derm. 2000;114(3):480-486.
31. Rossetti D, Kielmanowicz G, Vigodman S, et al. A novel anti-ageing mechanisms for retinol: induction of dermal elastin synthesis and elastin fibre formation. Int J Cos Science. 2011;33:62-69.
32. Randhawa M, Rossetti D, Leyden JJ, et al. One-year topical stabilized retinol treatment improves photodamaged skin in a double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. J Drug Dermatol. 2015;14(3):271-276.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Patricia Farris MD pkfarmd@gmail.com
