INTRODUCTIONIdentical twins are a unique population of subjects given their similar genetic makeup. Looking at concordant and nonconcordant identical twin pairs can separate genetic and environmental effects of a disease…

INTRODUCTIONDihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a 3-carbon sugar (Figure 1) found in sunless tanning products.1 It is the only color additive allowed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for external use…

INTRODUCTIONHyperhidrosis (HH) is a condition in which sweat production exceeds that which is physiologically necessary to maintain thermal homeostasis.1 The most recent estimate of HH prevalence in the United States…

BACKGROUNDFrontal brosing alopecia (FFA) is a lymphocyte-mediated cicatricial alopecia, and considered a variant of lichen planopilaris. It is characterized by progressive recession of the frontotemporal hairline, often with loss of…

INTRODUCTIONApproximately 6.5 million people in the United States live with chronic cutaneous ulcers, with over 25 billion health care dollars spent annually on treatment.1 Such wounds fail to progress through the normal…

INTRODUCTIONDermatological procedures including filler injections and laser treatments can be associated with pain and patient discomfort.1 Injectable anesthetics are often used but may cause distress by themselves, in particular in patients…

INTRODUCTIONScarring or scar formation is the body’s natural healing response to reestablish dermal integrity following an injury. Scars, however, are structurally different and can be functionally deficient and cosmetically less…

INTRODUCTIONThe human epidermis consists of layers of keratinocytes at various levels of differentiation, ranging from the mitotically active basal layer to the dead attened cells of the stratum corneum.1,2 Epidermal…

INTRODUCTIONHyaluronic acid (HA), a glycosaminoglycan that occurs naturally in the skin, remains a perennially popular constituent of topical cosmetic formulations and injectable soft tissue fillers. HA has excellent safety and…

INTRODUCTIONAndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common chronic, cutaneous condition encountered by dermatologists globally. AGA is androgen-dependent and characterized by a hereditary inheritance pattern, beginning with the advent of puberty. In…

INTRODUCTIONAmong the features valued in studies on facial beauty, symmetry, and proportionality seem to be regarded as paramount.1-6 Proportionality is considered present in beautiful things, namely the Golden ratio, a…