INTRODUCTION The management of patients with chronic disease is complicated by patients' propensity to be poorly adherent to treatment.1,2 While topical treatments have safety advantages over oral agents, adherence (previously…

DISCLOSURES The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

INTRODUCTION Rosacea and acne vulgaris are common, chronic skin conditions that share an inflammatory pathogenesis, although their etiology is otherwise distinct. More recent research into the molecular and cellular pathophysiology…

CASE REPORT A 60-year-old male with hypertension complicated by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), on hemodialysis, presented with a 9-year history of sclerotic skin. The patient also had a history of…

INTRODUCTION Rosacea is a common facial disorder affecting approximately 16 million people in the United States.1 The facial skin of patients with rosacea is characterized by persistent erythema, visible blood…

Acne vulgaris is common, affecting ≈70 percent of adolescents.1-4 Acne often begins with androgenic changes in puberty and persists into adulthood in about half the population.1,2 The underlying acne pathophysiology…

INTRODUCTION Tretinoin is a widely used drug in the topical treatment of acne, photo-aged skin, psoriasis and other skin disorders. Originally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)…

Take a Thorough Medical History Including Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Cosmetic and personal care products can play an important role in the formation of comedones. In patients of color…

INTRODUCTION Higher animals have a limited array of germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize highly conserved microbial structures known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Engagement of PRRs…

INTRODUCTION Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing, inflammatory skin disease arising from a complex interplay among genetic, environmental, immunological, and biochemical factors. AD affects 1-3 percent of the adult…

INTRODUCTION Age-associated facial changes are a result of thinning of the epidermis, atrophy of subcutaneous fat layers, structural changes of the bones, loss of elasticity and weakening of underlying muscles.1…

A Biopsy Diagnosis? Clinical Clues and Patterns to Help Distinguish Cutaneous Metastases: Part I of IIIntroduction Metastasis is an unfortunate consequence of many visceral and hematogenous malignancies. Although metastatic lesions…