INTRODUCTION
In 1999, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) first report, “To Err Is Human”, brought forth the issue of medical error in patient care.1 In this publication, the IOM recognized that mistakes or failures to prevent mistakes were mostly caused by flawed systems, processes, and conditions. It outlined a four-tiered approach to improve safety including: 1) development of leadership, research, tools, and protocols to enhance the knowledge base on safety, 2) a nationwide public mandatory reporting system and encouraging voluntary participation to identify and learn from errors, 3) oversight organizations, professional groups, health care purchasers to raise performance standards and expectations, and 4) implementation of safety systems in the healthcare organization to ensure delivery of safe practice. This was the first roadmap towards a safer health system.
The Joint Commission adopted a formal Sentinel Event Policy to assist office-based surgery practices to improve safety and learn from serious adverse events when they occur. To reduce errors, the Joint Commission implemented the use of Universal Protocol to prevent wrong-site, wrong-person, or wrong-procedure surgery.2 In dermatology, the addition of preoperative biopsy-site photography has been helpful in site identification. In a survey study of 722 Mohs surgeons, 89% reported photographs as the most useful tool to decrease risk of wrong-site surgery.3
Surgical specialties have incorporated Universal Protocol, consisting of a verification process, surgical site marking, and time out immediately prior to procedure. The time out is designed to ensure correct patient identity, correct scheduled procedure, and correct surgical site. The pre-procedure verification process and surgical site marking include the patient, nursing staff, and Mohs surgeon by confirming patient's name and date of birth, reviewing pathology report and photographs if available, and involving the patient in site identification. We believe a time out process during interpretation of Mohs histopathology sections would minimize mapping errors that could lead to persistence or recurrence of cancer, as well as over-resection of tissue.
Often times several patients’ slides are prepared simultaneously to maximize efficiency. As a result, several sets of slides are completed at the same time for the surgeon to read. The combination of multiple patients with possibly more than one slide each further compounds the risk for error. The time out procedure should involve at least two people: Mohs surgeon, fellow, resident, histology technician, or nurse. The verbal confirmation should include patient’s name, diagnosis, stage, and section number (Table 1). The time out process should occur prior to slide being placed on the microscope and agreed upon by Mohs surgeon and second participant. The procedure must be performed before reading each slide in order to facilitate accurate map marking.
Histologic interpretation error has been found to be a major cause of tumor recurrence in two studies.4,5 Hruza found that technical errors, including histologic interpretation errors, accounted for more than 75% of cases of local recurrence.4 Campbell et al. also reported that surgeon interpretation error was highly associated with tumor recurrence.5 Given that slide interpretation accounts for the majority of recurrences following Mohs micrographic surgery, safeguards should be implemented to improve the process. A standardized time out procedure reduces variables that could lead to wrong slide or wrong patient error. We recommend the time out procedure during slide interpretation as a safety initiative among Mohs micrographic surgeons.
The Joint Commission adopted a formal Sentinel Event Policy to assist office-based surgery practices to improve safety and learn from serious adverse events when they occur. To reduce errors, the Joint Commission implemented the use of Universal Protocol to prevent wrong-site, wrong-person, or wrong-procedure surgery.2 In dermatology, the addition of preoperative biopsy-site photography has been helpful in site identification. In a survey study of 722 Mohs surgeons, 89% reported photographs as the most useful tool to decrease risk of wrong-site surgery.3
Surgical specialties have incorporated Universal Protocol, consisting of a verification process, surgical site marking, and time out immediately prior to procedure. The time out is designed to ensure correct patient identity, correct scheduled procedure, and correct surgical site. The pre-procedure verification process and surgical site marking include the patient, nursing staff, and Mohs surgeon by confirming patient's name and date of birth, reviewing pathology report and photographs if available, and involving the patient in site identification. We believe a time out process during interpretation of Mohs histopathology sections would minimize mapping errors that could lead to persistence or recurrence of cancer, as well as over-resection of tissue.
Often times several patients’ slides are prepared simultaneously to maximize efficiency. As a result, several sets of slides are completed at the same time for the surgeon to read. The combination of multiple patients with possibly more than one slide each further compounds the risk for error. The time out procedure should involve at least two people: Mohs surgeon, fellow, resident, histology technician, or nurse. The verbal confirmation should include patient’s name, diagnosis, stage, and section number (Table 1). The time out process should occur prior to slide being placed on the microscope and agreed upon by Mohs surgeon and second participant. The procedure must be performed before reading each slide in order to facilitate accurate map marking.
Histologic interpretation error has been found to be a major cause of tumor recurrence in two studies.4,5 Hruza found that technical errors, including histologic interpretation errors, accounted for more than 75% of cases of local recurrence.4 Campbell et al. also reported that surgeon interpretation error was highly associated with tumor recurrence.5 Given that slide interpretation accounts for the majority of recurrences following Mohs micrographic surgery, safeguards should be implemented to improve the process. A standardized time out procedure reduces variables that could lead to wrong slide or wrong patient error. We recommend the time out procedure during slide interpretation as a safety initiative among Mohs micrographic surgeons.
DISCLOSURES
The authors have reported no conflicts.
REFERENCES
1. Kohn L, Corrigan J DM, ed. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington DC: Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; 1999.
2. The Joint Commission. Universal Protocol. https://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/up.aspx. Accessed June 18, 2017. 3. Nemeth SA, Lawrence N. Site identification challenges in dermatologic surgery: A physician survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):262-268. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.03.016.
4. Hruza GJ. Mohs micrographic surgery local recurrences. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994;20(9):573-577.
5. Campbell T, Armstrong AW, Schupp CW, Barr K, Eisen DB. Surgeon error and slide quality during Mohs micrographic surgery: Is there a relationship with tumor recurrence? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(1):105-111. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.02.016.
2. The Joint Commission. Universal Protocol. https://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/up.aspx. Accessed June 18, 2017. 3. Nemeth SA, Lawrence N. Site identification challenges in dermatologic surgery: A physician survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):262-268. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.03.016.
4. Hruza GJ. Mohs micrographic surgery local recurrences. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994;20(9):573-577.
5. Campbell T, Armstrong AW, Schupp CW, Barr K, Eisen DB. Surgeon error and slide quality during Mohs micrographic surgery: Is there a relationship with tumor recurrence? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(1):105-111. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.02.016.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Jennifer Tang MD jctang@med.miami.eduy
