INTRODUCTIONVitiligo is a complex multifactorial disorder of depigmentation affecting 0.5 to 2% of the world's population without specific gender or racial prevalence.1 Though no treatments are FDA approved to repigment…
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INTRODUCTIONHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by deep suppurative nodules and abscesses generally in areas containing apocrine glands. Previously thought to be caused by dysregulated processes affecting…
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INTRODUCTIONTofacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) 1-3 inhibitor first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 2012 for rheumatoid arthritis, with subsequent approval for psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, polyarticular…
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INTRODUCTIONBacteriophages, also known as phages, are viruses that were first described in 1915 by an English bacteriologist, Frederick Twort, when he published findings of an agent capable of destroying bacteria.1,2…
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INTRODUCTION Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss, affects up to 70% of men and 40% of women over the course of their lifetime, and is…
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INTRODUCTIONAccording to the Global Cancer Observatory (International Agency for Research on Cancer ), the United States has the 5th highest cancer incidence per 100,000 population.1 The US National Program of…
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INTRODUCTIONAcne vulgaris (acne) is ranked by the Global Burden of Disease Project as the eighth most prevalent disease worldwide.1,2 Globally, the prevalence of acne is estimated at 9.4%, affecting 650…
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INTRODUCTIONSkin cleansing, exfoliation, and moisturizers as adjunct to medical treatment are an integral part of the prevention, treatment, and maintenance of many skin conditions such as acne vulgaris (acne), psoriasis,…
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INTRODUCTIONThere is a continuously increasing demand for non-invasive skin lifting and tightening procedures.1 One such procedure is micro-focused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V), which uses low ultrasound energy to elevate the…
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INTRODUCTIONSkin, hair, and eye color are derived from melanin produced within melanosomes through the process of melanogenesis. The amount of melanin produced depends on genetic, local regulatory, and environmental factors,…
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INTRODUCTIONEstrogen levels change with aging, and these levels have a direct influence on skin estrogen biosynthesis and estrogen receptor expression. As women enter menopause, their intrinsic estrogen production sharply decreases,…
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INTRODUCTIONCervical region is strongly impacted by the aging process that may progress with skin atrophy, accumulation of submental fat, wrinkles, loss of contour, and sagging skin. Among so many changes…
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