INTRODUCTIONAcne vulgaris affects approximately 85% of youths and can persist into adulthood.1-4 It is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit and brought about by follicular hyperkeratinization, increased sebum production,…

INTRODUCTIONNutrition is thought to play an important role in skin homeostasis. The use of nutraceuticals or “functional foods” in skincare along with technological innovations within the food industry has been…

INTRODUCTIONHerpes zoster (HZ, shingles) is an infection of the skin caused by the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of “chickenpox”. After primary infection by VZV, the…

INTRODUCTIONScalp and hair disorders are among the most common concerns in patients of color, particularly African-Americans. Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic, inflammatory condition that affects areas of high sebum…

INTRODUCTIONWell-moisturized, hydrated, healthy skin is typically described as smooth and soft. Low transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an instrumental indication the skin is well-hydrated with an intact barrier;1 however, unexfoliated…

INTRODUCTIONAcne vulgaris (acne) is one of the most common skin diseases,1 with a significant effect on self-image and 2-4 negative impact on Quality of Life (QoL). While it is typically…

INTRODUCTIONSubmental fullness, often caused by excess submental fat (SMF), can negatively impact facial appearance and self- perceptions of attractiveness. Surgical procedures have been the standard treatment to reduce SMF, but…

INTRODUCTIONSince the first botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) formulation was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 1,2, the number of approved indications, and BoNT products commercially available…

INTRODUCTIONSkin aging is a complex process. Chronological aging results from the cumulative effects of oxidative stress1 and genetic damage. Extrinsic factors, such as excessive exposure to sunlight and smoking contribute…

INTRODUCTIONTo meet the ever-growing demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures,1 a device has been developed which uses microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) to produce small (2 resulting in the tightening…

INTRODUCTIONThe skin barrier is formed by protein-rich cells of the stratum corneum with intervening intercellular lipids. In the viable epidermis, the nucleated cells possess a tight gap and adherent junctions…