INTRODUCTION Cosmetic xerosis, or “dry skin,” is a condition in which there is a disruption of water gradients within the stratum corneum. A change in the barrier homeostasis of the…

INTRODUCTION Individuals assess the age and fatigue of others predominantly by visual observations of the eye region.1 Signs associated with chronological and photo-aging in the eye area include fine lines…

INTRODUCTIONsubstantial body of literature supports the safe and effective use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injections for temporary improvement of facial wrinkles. Although an off-label use, BoNTA treatment of…

INTRODUCTIONThe nose is a common location for cutaneous malignancies. Defects of the distal nose, particularly the nasal ala, pose a reconstructive conundrum due to the dearth of loose adjacent tissue…

INTRODUCTIONCumulative exposure to sun is the main reason for skin aging. Fine and coarse wrinkles, dyspigmentation, telangiectasia, sallow color, dehydration, rough texture, skin laxity, increased pore size, and a leathery…

INTRODUCTION Primary hyperhidrosis is an idiopathic disorder of the eccrine sweat glands resulting mainly from overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and is often associated with emotional factors (i.e., nervous…

INTRODUCTIONRetinoids are a class of natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives. As lipophilic compounds, they can diffuse though cellular membranes, bind to nuclear receptors and modulate the expression of epidermal…

INTRODUCTIONSoft tissue fillers are commonly used to help restore age-related volume losses in the face and hands. In the United States, fillers are currently administered with the use of sharp…

INTRODUCTION There are two kinds of abnormal scar formation in the skin: keloid and hypertrophic scars. The causative mechanism of such scars is not fully understood, but local histological factors…

INTRODUCTION Dermatoheliosis, better known as photodamage or photoaging, is a condition that results from prolonged or repeated sun exposure or other ultraviolet radiation sources and leads to characteristic changes in…

INTRODUCTION Dermatologists are challenged by the various ways to treat localized psoriasis. Regimens include topical cor- ticosteroids, topical retinoids, vitamin D analogs, tar products, and UV phototherapy, whose subtypes include…