INTRODUCTION
Melasma is a chronic condition characterized by often symmetrical areas of hyperpigmentation affecting the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. Genetics, hormonal influences, ultraviolet, and visible light exposure are significant contributing factors for melasma.1–3 It is most common in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin type III–V. Current data suggest that melasma represents a phenotype of photodamage.3 The negative impact on quality of life can be substantial, as affected individuals frequently experience low self-esteem and depression.4,5 Despite advancements in dermatological treatments, melasma remains therapeutically challenging due to its complex pathophysiology and universal relapses to available therapies.2,3
The current therapeutic landscape for melasma involves a multimodal approach.6,7 Photoprotective agents, antioxidants, chemical exfoliants, and resurfacing procedures are often combined to achieve optimal results. Skin-lightening agents, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, vitamin C, and retinoids, are commonly used in clinical practice.6,8 Hydroquinone, in particular, has been considered the gold standard for treating melasma.9,10 However, these agents are not universally effective. Long-term use of hydroquinone can lead to adverse effects, including skin irritation, rebound hyperpigmentation, and ochronosis in rare cases.10 These limitations underscore the pressing need for new, safe, and efficacious topical therapies to address the global burden of facial hyperpigmentation.
The current therapeutic landscape for melasma involves a multimodal approach.6,7 Photoprotective agents, antioxidants, chemical exfoliants, and resurfacing procedures are often combined to achieve optimal results. Skin-lightening agents, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, vitamin C, and retinoids, are commonly used in clinical practice.6,8 Hydroquinone, in particular, has been considered the gold standard for treating melasma.9,10 However, these agents are not universally effective. Long-term use of hydroquinone can lead to adverse effects, including skin irritation, rebound hyperpigmentation, and ochronosis in rare cases.10 These limitations underscore the pressing need for new, safe, and efficacious topical therapies to address the global burden of facial hyperpigmentation.
