INTRODUCTIONDyschromia is often the result of an external or internal insult to the skin.1 It is a concern for many patients, especially persons of color.2,3 In black patients, dyschromia is…
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INTRODUCTIONTopical onychomycosis therapies require extended treatment durations, and incomplete treatment can contribute to high relapse rates.1 Excellent treatment adherence is vital to optimize outcomes2 and requires that an adequate quantity…
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INTRODUCTIONImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have altered the landscape for treating advanced malignant tumors. ICIs are monoclonal antibodies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associate antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1…
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INTRODUCTIONPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the proliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes and massive infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. Discovery of the pathogenic role of cytokines…
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INTRODUCTIONThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor regulating gene expression in various cells, including immune and epithelial cells.1 AhR is expressed ubiquitously throughout the body, has roles…
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INTRODUCTIONParadoxical reactions refer to unexpected adverse events that occur during or after treatment with a medication that is contradictory to the medication's intention. In dermatology, these reactions have been observed…
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INTRODUCTIONSteroid-induced rosacea (SIR), also known as perioral dermatitis, is a withdrawal phenomenon that can occur following prolonged use of topical steroids on the face, especially with higher potency corticosteroids. This…
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INTRODUCTIONThe use and implementation of PD-1 inhibitors are revolutionizing cancer treatment. This is evident in the treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Metastatic MCC…
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INTRODUCTIONMost physiological processes in the body are regulated by the interaction of specific amino acid sequences, functioning either as peptides or fragments of proteins. Peptides are compounds containing two or…
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INTRODUCTIONDyschromia conditions such as melasma, hypopigmentation, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can prove to be distressing to patients, particularly those with Fitzpatrick skin types II-VI. Dyschromia is known to be the fifth…
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INTRODUCTIONFacial appearance has a substantial impact on psychosocial wellbeing, which may be considered an essential aspect of overall health. Cosmetic rejuvenation using a multimodal approach has been demonstrated to restore…
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INTRODUCTIONWith the appreciation of facial aging mechanisms and increased patient demand for minimally invasive procedures, soft tissue dermal fillers have become a cornerstone for facial rejuvenation. Fillers are implants that…
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