INTRODUCTIONFor decades, the standard prescription treatment for facial skin lightening is topical hydroquinone (HQ).1 Recently, its safety has been questioned. Hydroquinone is currently banned in Europe and parts of Asia…

INTRODUCTIONFacial cysts are a frequent reason for presentation to the dermatologist. The most common type of cyst of the head and neck, the epidermal inclusion cyst (EIC), is said to…

INTRODUCTIONPort-wine stains (PWS), congenital cutaneous capillary vascular malformations, occur in approximately 0.3% of the population.1 The pathogenesis remains poorly understood; however, the resultant abnormality is the presence of a field…

INTRODUCTIONRequests for cosmetic treatment of facial lines have become common in developed countries,1 including the use of minimally invasive therapies such as botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). Indeed, BoNT-A treatment has…

INTRODUCTIONThe botulinum toxin (BoNT) product Azzalure, manufactured by Ipsen Biopharm Limited, Wrexham, UK, and distributed by Galderma through their aesthetic and corrective division Q-Med, is indicated for temporary improvement in…

INTRODUCTIONIn 1996, cutaneous surgical procedures in the United States were estimated at more than 71 million .1 Each of these cutaneous procedures may result in scarring, which does not include…

INTRODUCTIONPsoriasis is a multisystem disease with predominantly skin and joint manifestations, affecting approximately 2% of the population.1 It is characterized by well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly plaques, which are often itchy. Psoriasis…

INTRODUCTIONExcipients are defined as inert substances added to a drug or food to confer a suitable consistency, appearance, or form. They may be added for bulk, to change dissolution or…

INTRODUCTIONA frail 93-year-old woman with multiple medical problems presented with a biopsy-proven melanoma in situ involving the entire left lower eyelid, involving the conjunctiva and extending several centimeters into the…

INTRODUCTIONDermatomyositis (DM) is an inflammatory myopathy defined by progressive weakness and classically associated with a heliotrope or violaceous rash, Gottron sign, and periungual erythema.1,2 Juvenile DM presents before the age…

INTRODUCTIONAn 89-year-old man presented with a large basal cell carcinoma tumor on his right retroauricular area adjacent to the mastoid–auricle border (Figure 1). The clinical tumor size was 17 ×…

INTRODUCTIONInhaled corticosteroids are potent and effective drugs used to treat moderate or mild persistent asthma. The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to the use of inhaled corticosteroids include…