INTRODUCTION Although the pace of adoption of dermal fillers in the US has grown rapidly in the first ten years or so of the 21st century, the panoply of dermal…

INTRODUCTION Excessive exposure to solar or other sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a primary risk factor for dermatoheliosis (photodamage).1-4 UV exposure and other factors, such as fair skin, tobacco…

INTRODUCTION The discovery of the aesthetic applications of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) was a revolutionary change in aesthetic medical practice, providing a less invasive approach to facial rejuvenation and…

INTRODUCTION The collagen stimulating agent Sculptra® (Dermik, Bridgewater, NJ, a subsidiary of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.,) has been a part of the aesthetic toolbox for over a decade. Originally approved…

INTRODUCTION Facial wrinkles are the most visible morphological change of the aging process.1 Therefore, several rejuvenation methods have been developed to cure these unloved signs of the times, such as…

INTRODUCTIONWithin the last decade, dermal fillers have exponentially risen in popularity, with over 1.7 million procedures performed in 2009 alone.1 This trend has undoubtedly been compelled by an aging population…

INTRODUCTION Dermal fillers can be broadly categorized into two groups: 1) temporary fillers, and 2) permanent fillers. Fillers that degrade within months can induce serious adverse effects but these are…

INTRODUCTION Injectable fillers are sought out by patients as an attempt to alter their self-image, leading to an improved feeling of attractiveness. Recently, facial volume has been recognized as a…

INTRODUCTION In virtually all women, since the beginning of recorded history, full lips have been associated with youth, beauty, and voluptuousness. Robust, pouty lips are considered to be sexually attractive…

INTRODUCTION The past several years have seen numerous soft tissue filling agents ascend onto the cosmetic surgery scene. All of these different products claim superiority over the fillers that have…

INTRODUCTION In genetically predisposed individuals, cheek, periorbital, and suborbicular fat pads become atrophic over time. Simultaneously, the orbital retaining ligament also relaxes with increasing age, thus allowing further descent of…

INTRODUCTION Injectable fillers have become popular cosmetic procedures with more than one million injections performed annually.1 These augmentations are usually performed with hypodermic needles, often supplied with the product. Numerous…