INDIVIDUAL ARTICLE: The Psychology of Beauty: Balancing Nature, Confidence, and Authenticity

August 2025 | Volume 24 | Issue 8 | 37831s5 | Copyright © August 2025


Published online July 31, 2025

Steven Dayan MD FACS

Clinical Assistant Professor, Director of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL

Abstract
Beauty has long played a critical role in human perception, self-image, and social interactions. Rooted in evolutionary psychology, our subconscious attraction to symmetrical features, clear skin, and youthfulness reflects an innate preference for traits associated with health and fertility. However, modern aesthetic medicine challenges and reshapes these perceptions through medical interventions. Modern aesthetic medicine has evolved from meeting idealized physical norms toward a broader goal of improving social and psychological well-being. The purpose of this article is to explore the psychological and ethical considerations in aesthetic medicine, distinguishing between objective beauty and subjective attraction while emphasizing the importance of patient self-confidence and ethical practice.
Evolutionary and Psychological Foundations of Beauty

“Beauty may be the rawest form of energy, an evolutionary preserved force that communicates health, wellness, and genetic fitness.” Steven Dayan, MD

Innate Perception of Beauty

From an evolutionary standpoint, beauty serves as a biological marker of genetic fitness, health, and reproductive viability.1 Symmetry, clear skin, and proportionate features have consistently been perceived as attractive across cultures due to their association with good health.2 Neuroscientific research supports this concept, showing that the brain processes beauty through specialized pathways, activating regions linked to reward processing.3,4 When a person observes an attractive face, dopamine is released, reinforcing the preference for beauty and its evolutionary significance. This rapid appraisal happens within 100 milliseconds, a speed that likely evolved to help early humans quickly identify healthy, viable mates.5 But ask a classroom full of graduating fellows, “What is beauty?” and you’ll get as many different answers as you have students. Beauty has never been defined in aesthetic medicine.

Cultural and Personal Influences on Beauty

While evolutionary psychology provides a fundamental understanding of beauty, cultural and personal factors shape aesthetic preferences. Studies indicate that perceptions of beauty vary across geographical regions and historical periods.6-9 For instance, Middle Eastern patients often favor well-defined eyebrows, prominent cheekbones, and full lips, whereas Western beauty ideals emphasize a sculpted look with high cheekbones and round eyes.6,10,11 Additionally, societal exposure, familiarity bias, and personal experiences influence an individual’s concept of beauty.12 Cultural and personal influences shape a patient’s perception of beauty, and practitioners should tailor treatments that enhance individuality rather than conform to a universal standard.