The Role of Cutaneous Microbiota Harmony in Maintaining a Functional Skin Barrier

January 2017 | Volume 16 | Issue 1 | Original Article | 12 | Copyright © January 2017


Hilary E. Baldwin MD,a Neal D. Bhatia MD,b Adam Friedman MD,c Richard Martin Eng,d and Sophie Seité PhD e

a The Acne Treatment and Research Center, Morristown, NJ bTherapeutics Clinical Research Inc., San Diego, CA cGeorge Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences,Washington, DC dL’Oréal Research and Innovation,Tours, France eLa Roche-Posay Dermatological Laboratories, Asnières, France

REFERENCES

  1. Salava A, Lauerma A. Role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014;4:33. 
  2. Whiteside SA, Razvi H, Dave S, et al. The microbiome of the urinary tract—a role beyond infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12(2):81-90. 
  3. Sanford JA, Gallo RL. Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease. Semin Immunol. 2013;25(5):370-7. 
  4. Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerman HM, Schalkwijk J. Microbiome and skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(5):514-20. 
  5. Weyrich LS, Dixit S, Farrer AG, Cooper AJ. The skin microbiome: Associations between altered microbial communities and disease. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(4):268-74. 
  6. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9(4):244-53. 
  7. Chen YE, Tsao H. The skin microbiome: current perspectives and future challenges. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(1):143-55. 
  8. Consortium HMP. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486(7402):207-14. 
  9. Lauber CL, Zhou N, Gordon JI, et al. Effect of storage conditions on the assessment of bacterial community structure in soil and human-associated samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2010;307(1):80-6. 
  10. Capone KA, Dowd SE, Stamatas GN, Nikolovski J. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(10):2026-32. 
  11. Alexeyev OA. Bacterial landscape of human skin: seeing the forest for the trees. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22(7):443-6. 
  12. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324(5931):1190-2. 
  13. Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, et al. Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature. 2013;498(7454):367-70. 
  14. Zeeuwen PL, Boekhorst J, van den Bogaard EH, et al. Microbiome dynam- ics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption. Genome Biol. 2012;13(11):R101. 
  15. Zouboulis CC. Acne and sebaceous gland function. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22(5):360-6. 
  16. Grice EA, Segre JA. The human microbiome: our second genome. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2012;13:151-70. 
  17. Krakauer T, Buckley M. Dexamethasone attenuates staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced hypothermic response and protects mice from superantigen-induced toxic shock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(1):391-5. 
  18. Stevenson A, Cray JA, Williams JP, et al. Is there a common water-activity limit for the three domains of life? ISME J. 2015;9(6):1333-51. 
  19. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, et al. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326(5960):1694-7. 
  20. Schommer NN, Gallo RL. Structure and function of the human skin microbiome. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21(12):660-8. 
  21. Kong HH, Segre JA. Skin microbiome: looking back to move forward. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 2):933-9. 
  22. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(26):11971-5. 
  23. Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med. 2016;22(3):250-3. doi: 10.1038/nm.4039. Epub 2016 Feb 1. 
  24. Staudinger T, Pipal A, Redl B. Molecular analysis of the prevalent microbiota of human male and female forehead skin compared to forearm skin and the influence of make-up. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110(6):1381-9. 
  25. Zapata HJ, Quagliarello VJ. The microbiota and microbiome in aging: po- tential implications in health and age-related diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(4):776-81. 
  26. Faergemann J, Larko? O. The effect of UV-light on human skin microorganisms. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987;67(1):69-72. 
  27. Blaak J, Kaup O, Hoppe W, et al. A long-term study to evaluate acidic skin care treatment in nursing home residents: impact on epidermal barrier function and micro ora in aged skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2015;28(5):269-279. 
  28. Nakatsuji T, Chiang HI, Jiang SB, et al. The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1431. 
  29. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 2008;17(12):1063-72. 
  30. Boer M, Duchnik E, Maleszka R, Marchlewicz M. Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper epidermal barrier function. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2016;33(1):1-5. 
  31. Blaydon DC, Kelsell DP. Defective channels lead to an impaired skin barrier. J Cell Sci. 2014;127(Pt 20):4343-50. 
  32. Lo?pez O, Co?cera M, Wertz PW, et al. New arrangement of proteins and lipids in the stratum corneum corni ed envelope. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1768(3):521-9. 
  33. De D, Handa S. Filaggrin mutations and the skin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78(5):545-51. 
  34. Christensen GJ, Bru?ggemann H. Bacterial skin commensals and their role as host guardians. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(2):201-15. 
  35. Gallo RL, Nakatsuji T. Microbial symbiosis with the innate immune defense system of the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(10):1974-80. 
  36. Batycka-Baran A, Maj J, Wolf R, Szepietowski JC. The new insight into the role of antimicrobial proteins-alarmins in the immunopathogenesis of psoria- sis. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:628289. 
  37. Chau TA, McCully ML, Brintnell W, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on the staphylococcal cell wall downregulate superantigen-induced T cell activation and prevent toxic shock syndrome. Nature Med. 2009;15(6):641–8. 
  38. Lai Y, Di Nardo A, Nakatsuji T, et al. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll- like receptor 3-dependent in ammation after skin injury. Nat Med. 2009;15(12):1377-82. 
  39. Grice EA. The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: ge- nomic- and metagenomic-based insights. Genome Res. 2015;25(10):1514- 20. 
  40. Rosenthal M, Goldberg D, Aiello A, et al. Skin microbiota: microbial com- munity structure and its potential association with health and disease. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(5):839-48. 
  41. Seite? S, Zelenkova H, Martin R, Fiefer N. Using a speci c emollient to man- age skin microbiome dysbiosis. Poster presented at the World Congress of Dermatology, 2015. 
  42. Holland KT, Bojar RA. Cosmetics: what is their in uence on the skin micro- ora? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(7):445-9. 
  43. Bensadoun RJ, Humbert P, Krutman J, et al. Daily baseline skin care in the prevention, treatment, and supportive care of skin toxicity in oncology pa- tients: recommendations from a multinational expert panel. Cancer Manag Res. 2013;5:401-8. 
  44. Vetizou M, Pitt JM, Daille?re R, et al. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA- 4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Science. 2015;350(6264):1079-84. 
  45. Valdman-Grinshpoun Y, Ben-Amitai D, Zvulunov A. Barrier-restoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectives. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:923134. 
  46. Baker BS. The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immu- nol. 2006;144(1):1-9. 
  47. Ohnishi Y, Okino N, Ito M, Imayama S. Ceramidase Activity in Bacterial Skin Flora as a Possible Cause of Ceramide De ciency in Atopic Dermatitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999;6(1):101–104. 
  48. Joo KM, Hwang JH, Bae S, et al. Relationship of ceramide-, and free fatty acid-cholesterol ratios in the stratum corneum with skin barrier function of normal, atopic dermatitis lesional and non-lesional skins. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;77(1):71-4. 
  49. van Rensburg JJ, Lin H, Gao X, et al. The Human Skin Microbiome Associ- ates with the Outcome of and Is In uenced by Bacterial Infection. MBio. 2015;6(5):e01315-15. 
  50. Grice EA. The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeu- tic approaches to cutaneous disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2):98- 103. 
  51. Biedermann T, Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, et al. Regulation of T Cell Immunity in Atopic Dermatitis by Microbes:TheYin andYang of Cutaneous In ammation. Front Immunol. 2015;6:353. 
  52. Lynde CW, Andriessen A, Bertucci V, et al. The skin microbiome in atopic der- matitis and its relationship to emollients. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016;20(1):21-8. 
  53. Flores G, Caporaso G, Henley J, et al. Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human microbiome. Genome Biology 2014;15:531. 
  54. Martin R, Henley JB, Sarrazin P, Seite? S. Skin microbiome in patients with psoriasis before and after balneotherapy at the thermal care center of La Roche-Posay. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(12):1400-5. 
  55. Ring J, Mo?hrenschlager M, Weidinger S. Molecular genetics of atopic eczema. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2012;96:24-9. 
  56. FAO. FAO Technical Meeting Report on PREBIOTICS: Food Quality and Standards Service (AGNS) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); 2008. Available at: http://www.aat-taa.eu/index/en/company/ download/1262610500.html. Accessed June 15, 2016. 
  57. Man?kowska-Wierzbicka D, Karczewski J, Dobrowolska-Zachwieja A, Adam- ski Z. The microbiome and dermatological diseases. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2015;69:978-85. 
  58. Seite? S, Bieber T. Barrier function and microbiotic dysbiosis in atopic derma- titis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:479-83. 
  59. Lane ME, Hadgraft J, Oliveira G, et al. Rational formulation design. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2012;34(6):496-501. 
  60. Al-Ghazzewi FH,Tester RF. Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(2):99-107.
  61. Seite? S. Thermal waters as cosmeceuticals: La Roche-Posay thermal spring water example. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:23-8.
  62. Wollenberg A, Richard A, Bieber T. In vitro effect of the thermal water from La Roche-Posay on the stimulatory capacity of epidermal Langerhans cells. Eur J Dermatol. 1992;2:128-9.
  63. Moysan A, Morlie?re P, Marquis I, et al. Effect of selenium on UVA-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured human skin broblasts. Skin Pharmacol. 1995;8:139-48. 
  64. Ce?le?rier P, Richard A, Litoux P, Dreno B. Modulatory effects of selenium and strontium salts on keratinocyte-derived in ammatory cytokines. Arch Der- matol Res. 1995;287:680–2. 
  65. Staquet MJ, Peugeot-Navarro J, Latorre F, et al. In vitro effects of a spa water on the migratory and stimulatory capacities of human epidermal Langerhans cells. Eur J Dermatol. 1997;7:339-42. 
  66. Seite? S, Flores GE, Henley JB, et al. Microbiome of affected and unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis before and after emollient treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(11):1365-72. 
  67. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic mi- crobiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 1995;125(6):1401-12. 
  68. Gue?niche A, Cathelineau AC, Bastien P, et al. Vitreoscilla liformis bio- mass improves seborrheic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(8):1014-5. 
  69. Gueniche A, Knaudt B, Schuck E, et al. Effects of nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla liformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a pro- spective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(6):1357-63. 
  70. VolzT, SkabytskaY, Guenova E, et al. Nonpathogenic bacteria alleviating atop- ic dermatitis in ammation induce IL-10-producing dendritic cells and regula- tory Tr1 cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):96-104. 
  71. Mahe YF, Perez MJ, Tacheau C, et al. A new Vitreoscilla liformis extract grown on spa water-enriched medium activates endogenous cutaneous an- tioxidant and antimicrobial defenses through a potential Toll-like receptor 2/ protein kinase C, zeta transduction pathway. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:191-6. 
  72. Meisel J, Hannigan G, Tyldsley A, et al. Skin microbiome surveys are strongly in uenced by experimental design. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:947-956. 
  73. Kyme P, Thoennissen NH, Tseng CW, et al. C/EBPε mediates nicotinamide- enhanced clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(9):3316-29. 
  74. Blaak J, Kaup O, Hoppe W, et al. A long-term study to evaluate acidic skin care treatment in nursing home residents: impact on epidermal barrier func- tion and micro ora in aged skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2015;28(5):269-279.

AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE

Sophie Seite? PhD sophie.seite@loreal.com