1995;131(10):1134-8. PubMed PMID: 7574829.
6. Thomson ML. Relative efficiency of pigment and horny layer thickness in protecting the skin of Europeans and Africans against solar ultraviolet radiation. J Physiol. 1955;127(2):236-46. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005252. PubMed PMID: 14354667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1365770.
7. Weigand DA, Haygood C, Gaylor JR. Cell layers and density of Negro and Caucasian stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1974;62(6):563-8. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12679412. PubMed PMID: 4835777.
8. Whitmore SE, Sago NJ. Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 1):76-9. doi: 10.1016/ s0190-9622(00)90012-4. PubMed PMID: 10607323.
9. Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, et al. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/j. jdermsci.2010.06.003. PubMed PMID: 20654785.
10. Corcuff P, Lotte C, Rougier A, Maibach HI. Racial differences in corneocytes. A comparison between Black, white and oriental skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71(2):146-8. PubMed PMID: 1675524.
11. Warrier AG, Harper RA, Bowman J, Wickett RR. A comparison of black and white skin using noninvasive methods. J Cosmet Sci. 1996(47):229-40.
12. Manuskiatti W, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Influence of age, anatomic site and race on skin roughness and scaliness. Dermatology. 1998;196(4):401-7. doi: 10.1159/000017932. PubMed PMID: 9669115.
13. Grimes P, Edison BL, Green BA, Wildnauer RH. Evaluation of inherent differences between African American and white skin surface properties using subjective and objective measures. Cutis. 2004;73(6):392-6. PubMed PMID: 15224783.
14. Berardesca E, Pirot F, Singh M, Maibach H. Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(5):855-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02513.x. PubMed PMID: 9892954.
15. Young MM, Franken A, du Plessis JL. Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH of female African and Caucasian nursing students. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(1):88-95. doi: 10.1111/srt.12614. PubMed PMID: 30028039.
16. Williams HC, Pembroke AC, Forsdyke H, et al. London-born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(2 Pt 1):212-7. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90128-0. PubMed PMID: 7829705.
17. Fu T, Keiser E, Linos E, et al. Eczema and sensitization to common allergens in the United States: a multiethnic, population-based study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(1):21-6. doi: 10.1111/pde.12237. PubMed PMID: 24283549.
18. Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67-73. doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.251. PubMed PMID: 20739951; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3130508.
19. Ben-Gashir MA, Hay RJ. Reliance on erythema scores may mask severe atopic dermatitis in black children compared with their white counterparts. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(5):920-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04965.x. PubMed PMID: 12410701.
20. McColl M, Boozalis E, Aguh C, Eseonu AC, Okoye GA, Kwatra SG. Pruritus in black Skin: Unique Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Features. J Nat Med Assn. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.07.002. PubMed PMID: 32747312.
21. Whang KA, Khanna R, Thomas J, Aguh C, Kwatra SG. Racial and Gender Differences in the Presentation of Pruritus. Medicines (Basel). 2019;6(4). doi: 10.3390/medicines6040098. PubMed PMID: 31569651; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6963580.
22. Shaw FM, Luk KMH, Chen KH, Wrenn G, Chen SC. Racial disparities in the impact of chronic pruritus: A cross-sectional study on quality of life and resource utilization in United States veterans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(1):63-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.016. PubMed PMID: 28365042.
23. Mekic S, Jacobs LC, Gunn DA, et al. Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(4):963-9 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.038. PubMed PMID: 30586613.
24. Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S41-62. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2002.120790. PubMed PMID: 11807469.
25. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss of function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38:441-446.
26. Margolis DJ, Apter AJ, Gupta J et al. The persistence of atopic dermatitis and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in a US longitudinal cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130:912–917.
27. Zhang H, Guo Y, Wang W et al. Mutations in the filaggrin gene in Han Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2011;66:420–427.
28. Nomura T, Akiyama M, Sandilands A et al. Specific filaggrin mutations cause ichthyosis vulgaris and are significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in Japan. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1436–1441.
29. Cascella R, Foti Cuzzola V, Lepre T et al. Full sequencing of the FLG gene in Italian patients with atopic eczema: evidence of new mutations, but lack of an association. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:982–984.
30. Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immuno. 2007;120:150–155.
31. Gao PS, Rafaels NM, Hand T et al. Filaggrin mutations that confer risk of atopic dermatitis confer greater risk for eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:507–513.
32. Winge MC, Bilcha KD, Lieden A et al. Novel filaggrin mutation but no other loss-of-function variants found in Ethiopian patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1074–1080.
33. Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Racial differences in sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation: black and white. Contact Dermatitis. 1988;18(2):65-70.
34. N. Luther M.E. Darvin W. Sterry J. Lademann A. Patzelt. Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25:182–191
35. Johnson LC, Corah NL. Racial Differences in Skin Resistance. Science. 1963;139(3556):766-767.
36. Kompaore F, Marty JP, Dupont C. In vivo evaluation of the stratum corneum barrier function in blacks, Caucasians and Asians with two noninvasive methods. Skin Pharmacol. 1993;6(3):200-207.
37. Sugino K, Imokawa G, Maibach H. Ethnic difference of stratum corneum lipid in relation to stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:587-597.
38. Wilson D, Berardesca E, Maibach HI. In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119(5):647-652.
39. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(3):164-178.
40. Berardesca E, de Rigal J, Leveque JL, Maibach HI. In vivo biophysical characterization of skin physiological differences in races. Dermatologica. 1991;182(2):89-93.
41. De Luca R, Balestrieri A, Dinle Y. [Measurement of cutaneous evaporation. 6. Cutaneous water loss in the people of Somalia]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1983;59(10):1499-1501.
42. Reinertson RP, Wheatley VR. Studies on the chemical composition of human epidermal lipids. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32(1):49-59. 43. La Ruche G, Cesarini JP. [Histology and physiology of black skin]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1992;119(8):567-574.
44. Hellemans L. Characterization of stratum corneum properties in human subjects from a different ethnic background. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124(S4):A62.
45. Jungersted JM, H gh JK, Hellgren LI, Jemec GB, Agner T. Ethnicity and stratum corneum ceramides. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(6):1169-1173.
46. Whang KA, Khanna R, Thomas J, Aguh C, Kwatra SG. Racial and Gender Differences in the Presentation of Pruritus. Medicines (Basel). 2019 Sep 27;6(4):98. doi: 10.3390/medicines6040098. PMID: 31569651; PMCID: PMC6963580.
47. Sueki H, Whitakerâ€Menezes D, Kligman AM. "Structural diversity of mast cell granules in black and white skin." Br J Dermatol. 144.1 (2001): 85-93.
48. Larson VA, Tang O, St nder S, Kang S, Kwatra SG. Association between itch and cancer in 16,925 patients with pruritus: Experience at a tertiary care center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019Apr;80(4):931-937. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.044. Epub 2018 Sep 11. PMID: 30217520; PMCID: PMC6907086.
49. See JA, Goh CL, Hayashi N, Suh DH, Casintahan FA. Optimizing the use of topical retinoids in Asian acne patients. J Dermatol. 2018;45(5):522-528.
50. Rawlings AV. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function? Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(2):79-93.
51. Aramaki J, Kawana S, Effendy I, Happle R, Loffler H. Differences of skin irritation between Japanese and European women. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(6):1052-1056.
52. Wan DC, Wong VW, Longaker MT, Yang GP, Wei FC. Moisturizing different racial skin types. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(6):25-32.
6. Thomson ML. Relative efficiency of pigment and horny layer thickness in protecting the skin of Europeans and Africans against solar ultraviolet radiation. J Physiol. 1955;127(2):236-46. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005252. PubMed PMID: 14354667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1365770.
7. Weigand DA, Haygood C, Gaylor JR. Cell layers and density of Negro and Caucasian stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1974;62(6):563-8. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12679412. PubMed PMID: 4835777.
8. Whitmore SE, Sago NJ. Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 1):76-9. doi: 10.1016/ s0190-9622(00)90012-4. PubMed PMID: 10607323.
9. Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, et al. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/j. jdermsci.2010.06.003. PubMed PMID: 20654785.
10. Corcuff P, Lotte C, Rougier A, Maibach HI. Racial differences in corneocytes. A comparison between Black, white and oriental skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71(2):146-8. PubMed PMID: 1675524.
11. Warrier AG, Harper RA, Bowman J, Wickett RR. A comparison of black and white skin using noninvasive methods. J Cosmet Sci. 1996(47):229-40.
12. Manuskiatti W, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Influence of age, anatomic site and race on skin roughness and scaliness. Dermatology. 1998;196(4):401-7. doi: 10.1159/000017932. PubMed PMID: 9669115.
13. Grimes P, Edison BL, Green BA, Wildnauer RH. Evaluation of inherent differences between African American and white skin surface properties using subjective and objective measures. Cutis. 2004;73(6):392-6. PubMed PMID: 15224783.
14. Berardesca E, Pirot F, Singh M, Maibach H. Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(5):855-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02513.x. PubMed PMID: 9892954.
15. Young MM, Franken A, du Plessis JL. Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH of female African and Caucasian nursing students. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(1):88-95. doi: 10.1111/srt.12614. PubMed PMID: 30028039.
16. Williams HC, Pembroke AC, Forsdyke H, et al. London-born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(2 Pt 1):212-7. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90128-0. PubMed PMID: 7829705.
17. Fu T, Keiser E, Linos E, et al. Eczema and sensitization to common allergens in the United States: a multiethnic, population-based study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(1):21-6. doi: 10.1111/pde.12237. PubMed PMID: 24283549.
18. Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67-73. doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.251. PubMed PMID: 20739951; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3130508.
19. Ben-Gashir MA, Hay RJ. Reliance on erythema scores may mask severe atopic dermatitis in black children compared with their white counterparts. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(5):920-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04965.x. PubMed PMID: 12410701.
20. McColl M, Boozalis E, Aguh C, Eseonu AC, Okoye GA, Kwatra SG. Pruritus in black Skin: Unique Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Features. J Nat Med Assn. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.07.002. PubMed PMID: 32747312.
21. Whang KA, Khanna R, Thomas J, Aguh C, Kwatra SG. Racial and Gender Differences in the Presentation of Pruritus. Medicines (Basel). 2019;6(4). doi: 10.3390/medicines6040098. PubMed PMID: 31569651; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6963580.
22. Shaw FM, Luk KMH, Chen KH, Wrenn G, Chen SC. Racial disparities in the impact of chronic pruritus: A cross-sectional study on quality of life and resource utilization in United States veterans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(1):63-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.016. PubMed PMID: 28365042.
23. Mekic S, Jacobs LC, Gunn DA, et al. Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(4):963-9 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.038. PubMed PMID: 30586613.
24. Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S41-62. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2002.120790. PubMed PMID: 11807469.
25. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss of function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38:441-446.
26. Margolis DJ, Apter AJ, Gupta J et al. The persistence of atopic dermatitis and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in a US longitudinal cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130:912–917.
27. Zhang H, Guo Y, Wang W et al. Mutations in the filaggrin gene in Han Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2011;66:420–427.
28. Nomura T, Akiyama M, Sandilands A et al. Specific filaggrin mutations cause ichthyosis vulgaris and are significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in Japan. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1436–1441.
29. Cascella R, Foti Cuzzola V, Lepre T et al. Full sequencing of the FLG gene in Italian patients with atopic eczema: evidence of new mutations, but lack of an association. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:982–984.
30. Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immuno. 2007;120:150–155.
31. Gao PS, Rafaels NM, Hand T et al. Filaggrin mutations that confer risk of atopic dermatitis confer greater risk for eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:507–513.
32. Winge MC, Bilcha KD, Lieden A et al. Novel filaggrin mutation but no other loss-of-function variants found in Ethiopian patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1074–1080.
33. Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Racial differences in sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation: black and white. Contact Dermatitis. 1988;18(2):65-70.
34. N. Luther M.E. Darvin W. Sterry J. Lademann A. Patzelt. Ethnic Differences in Skin Physiology, Hair Follicle Morphology and Follicular Penetration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25:182–191
35. Johnson LC, Corah NL. Racial Differences in Skin Resistance. Science. 1963;139(3556):766-767.
36. Kompaore F, Marty JP, Dupont C. In vivo evaluation of the stratum corneum barrier function in blacks, Caucasians and Asians with two noninvasive methods. Skin Pharmacol. 1993;6(3):200-207.
37. Sugino K, Imokawa G, Maibach H. Ethnic difference of stratum corneum lipid in relation to stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:587-597.
38. Wilson D, Berardesca E, Maibach HI. In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119(5):647-652.
39. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(3):164-178.
40. Berardesca E, de Rigal J, Leveque JL, Maibach HI. In vivo biophysical characterization of skin physiological differences in races. Dermatologica. 1991;182(2):89-93.
41. De Luca R, Balestrieri A, Dinle Y. [Measurement of cutaneous evaporation. 6. Cutaneous water loss in the people of Somalia]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1983;59(10):1499-1501.
42. Reinertson RP, Wheatley VR. Studies on the chemical composition of human epidermal lipids. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32(1):49-59. 43. La Ruche G, Cesarini JP. [Histology and physiology of black skin]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1992;119(8):567-574.
44. Hellemans L. Characterization of stratum corneum properties in human subjects from a different ethnic background. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124(S4):A62.
45. Jungersted JM, H gh JK, Hellgren LI, Jemec GB, Agner T. Ethnicity and stratum corneum ceramides. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(6):1169-1173.
46. Whang KA, Khanna R, Thomas J, Aguh C, Kwatra SG. Racial and Gender Differences in the Presentation of Pruritus. Medicines (Basel). 2019 Sep 27;6(4):98. doi: 10.3390/medicines6040098. PMID: 31569651; PMCID: PMC6963580.
47. Sueki H, Whitakerâ€Menezes D, Kligman AM. "Structural diversity of mast cell granules in black and white skin." Br J Dermatol. 144.1 (2001): 85-93.
48. Larson VA, Tang O, St nder S, Kang S, Kwatra SG. Association between itch and cancer in 16,925 patients with pruritus: Experience at a tertiary care center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019Apr;80(4):931-937. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.044. Epub 2018 Sep 11. PMID: 30217520; PMCID: PMC6907086.
49. See JA, Goh CL, Hayashi N, Suh DH, Casintahan FA. Optimizing the use of topical retinoids in Asian acne patients. J Dermatol. 2018;45(5):522-528.
50. Rawlings AV. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function? Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(2):79-93.
51. Aramaki J, Kawana S, Effendy I, Happle R, Loffler H. Differences of skin irritation between Japanese and European women. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(6):1052-1056.
52. Wan DC, Wong VW, Longaker MT, Yang GP, Wei FC. Moisturizing different racial skin types. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(6):25-32.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Anneke Andriessen PhD anneke.a@tiscali.nl
