10. Zhanel G, Critchley I, Lin LY, Alvandi N. Microbiological profile of sarecycline, a novel targeted spectrum tetracycline for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(1):e01297-18.
11. Kaul G, Saxena D, Dasgupta A, Chopra S. Sarecycline hydrochloride for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Drugs Today (Barc). 2019;55(10):615-25.
12. Almirall LLC. Seysara (sarecycline) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2020/209521s007lbl.pdf Revised 06/2020. Accessed June 28, 2020.
13. Kircik, L. Abstract 6680, AAD Annual Meeting, February 16–20 2018. Accessed July 13, 2020 at https://www.practiceupdate.com/content/aad- 2018-novel-tetracycline-antibiotic-for-acne-has-reduced-contribution-toantibiotic- resistance/64730
14. Pariser DM, Green LJ, Lain EL, Schmitz C, Chinigo AS, McNamee B, Berk DR. Safety and tolerability of sarecycline for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results from a phase III, multicenter, open-label study and a phase I phototoxicity study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019;12(11):E53-E62.
15. Saivin S, Houin G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of doxycycline and minocycline. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1988;15(6):355-66.
16. Doxycycline Hyclate [package insert]. Greeneville, NC: Mayne Pharma, Inc. 2017.
17. Moore A, Ling M, Bucko A, et al. Efficacy and safety of subantimicrobial dose, modified-release doxycycline 40 mg versus doxycycline 100 mg versus placebo for the treatment of inflammatory lesions in moderate and severe acne: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(6):581-6.
18. Margolis DJ, Fanelli M, Hoffstad O, Lewis JD. Potential association between the oral tetracycline class of antimicrobials used to treat acne and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(12):2610-6.
19. Minocycline Hydrochloride [package insert]. Jacksonville, FL: Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2011.
20. Nazarian S, Akhondi H. Minocycline. [Updated 2020 Jul 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554519/
21. Fleischer JA, Dinehart S, Stough D, Plott RT. Safety and efficacy of a new extended-release formulation of minocycline. Cutis. 2006;78(4 Suppl):21-31.
22. Dreno B, Moyse D, Alirezai M, et al. Multicenter randomized comparative double-blind controlled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of zinc gluconate versus minocycline hydrochloride in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Dermatology. 2001;203(2):135-40.
23. Stewart DM, Torok HM, Weiss JS, Plott RT; Solodyn Phase 2 Study Group. Dose-ranging efficacy of new once-daily extended-release minocycline for acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2006;78(4 Suppl):11-20.
24. Cohen PM. A general practice study investigating the effect of Minocin 50 mg bd for 12 weeks in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Int Med Res. 1985;13(4):214-21.
25. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery AJ, et al. Comparison of five antimicrobial regimens for treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris in the community: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Dec18- 31;364(9452):2188-95.
26. Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ. Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Apr;134(4):693-5.
27. Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH. Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Mar 8;159(5):493-7.
28. Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Association or lack of association between tetracycline class antibiotics used for acne vulgaris and lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;157(3):540-6.
29. Tetracycline Hydrochloride [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2016.
30. Gratton D, Raymond GP, Guertin-Larochelle S, et al. Topical clindamycin versus systemic tetracycline in the treatment of acne: results of a multiclinic trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982 Jul 1;7(1):50-3.
31. Gammon WR, Meyer C, Lantis S, Shenefelt P, Reizner G, Cripps DJ. Comparative efficacy of oral erythromycin versus oral tetracycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a double-blind study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Feb 1;14(2):183-6.
32. Sauer GC. Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne. Arch Dermatol. 1976 Nov 1;112(11):1603-5.
33. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Rosen T, et al. Status report from the scientific panel on antibiotic use in dermatology of the American Acne and Rosacea Society: part 1: antibiotic prescribing patterns, sources of antibiotic exposure, antibiotic consumption and emergence of antibiotic resistance, impact of alterations in antibiotic prescribing, and clinical sequelae of antibiotic use. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016 Apr;9(4):18.
34. Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC, Rautonen N. Human intestinal microbiota and healthy ageing. Ageing Res Rev. 2010 Apr 1;9(2):107-16.
35. Whitehead RH, Young GP, Bhathal PS. Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1215). Gut. 1986 Dec 1;27(12):1457-63.
36. Ogawa H, Rafiee P, Fisher PJ, et al. Butyrate modulates gene and protein expression in human intestinal endothelial cells. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 2003 Sep 26;309(3):512-9.
37. Iizumi T, Battaglia T, Ruiz V, Perez GI. Gut microbiome and antibiotics. Arch Med Res. 2017 Nov 1;48(8):727-34.
38. Ladirat SE, Schols HA, Nauta A, et al. High-throughput analysis of the impact of antibiotics on the human intestinal microbiota composition. J Microbiol Methods. 2013 Mar 1;92(3):387-9.
39. Cooper AJ. Systematic review of Propionibacterium acnes resistance to systemic antibiotics. Med J Aust. 1998: 169 (5): 259–261.
40. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Cavalieri S, et al. Propionibacterium acnes resistance to antibiotics in acne patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 Jan 1;8(1):41-5.
41. Ross JI, Snelling AM, Carnegie E, et al. Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe. Br J Dermatol. 2003:148 (3):467–478.
42. Thiboutot DM, Dréno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: An international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Feb 1;78(2):S1-23.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Stewardship Statement for Antibiotic Guidelines – Recommendations of the HICPAC. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/recommendations/antibioticstewardship- statement.html
44. Schachner LA, Eichenfield L, Andriessen A, et al. Consensus on neonatal through preadolescent acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(6):592-600.
45. Smith K, Leyden JJ. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Ther. 2005 Sep 1;27(9):1329-42
46. Burnett JW. Systemic antibiotics for treatment of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111:1630-6.
11. Kaul G, Saxena D, Dasgupta A, Chopra S. Sarecycline hydrochloride for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Drugs Today (Barc). 2019;55(10):615-25.
12. Almirall LLC. Seysara (sarecycline) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2020/209521s007lbl.pdf Revised 06/2020. Accessed June 28, 2020.
13. Kircik, L. Abstract 6680, AAD Annual Meeting, February 16–20 2018. Accessed July 13, 2020 at https://www.practiceupdate.com/content/aad- 2018-novel-tetracycline-antibiotic-for-acne-has-reduced-contribution-toantibiotic- resistance/64730
14. Pariser DM, Green LJ, Lain EL, Schmitz C, Chinigo AS, McNamee B, Berk DR. Safety and tolerability of sarecycline for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results from a phase III, multicenter, open-label study and a phase I phototoxicity study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019;12(11):E53-E62.
15. Saivin S, Houin G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of doxycycline and minocycline. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1988;15(6):355-66.
16. Doxycycline Hyclate [package insert]. Greeneville, NC: Mayne Pharma, Inc. 2017.
17. Moore A, Ling M, Bucko A, et al. Efficacy and safety of subantimicrobial dose, modified-release doxycycline 40 mg versus doxycycline 100 mg versus placebo for the treatment of inflammatory lesions in moderate and severe acne: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(6):581-6.
18. Margolis DJ, Fanelli M, Hoffstad O, Lewis JD. Potential association between the oral tetracycline class of antimicrobials used to treat acne and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(12):2610-6.
19. Minocycline Hydrochloride [package insert]. Jacksonville, FL: Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2011.
20. Nazarian S, Akhondi H. Minocycline. [Updated 2020 Jul 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554519/
21. Fleischer JA, Dinehart S, Stough D, Plott RT. Safety and efficacy of a new extended-release formulation of minocycline. Cutis. 2006;78(4 Suppl):21-31.
22. Dreno B, Moyse D, Alirezai M, et al. Multicenter randomized comparative double-blind controlled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of zinc gluconate versus minocycline hydrochloride in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Dermatology. 2001;203(2):135-40.
23. Stewart DM, Torok HM, Weiss JS, Plott RT; Solodyn Phase 2 Study Group. Dose-ranging efficacy of new once-daily extended-release minocycline for acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2006;78(4 Suppl):11-20.
24. Cohen PM. A general practice study investigating the effect of Minocin 50 mg bd for 12 weeks in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Int Med Res. 1985;13(4):214-21.
25. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery AJ, et al. Comparison of five antimicrobial regimens for treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris in the community: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Dec18- 31;364(9452):2188-95.
26. Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ. Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Apr;134(4):693-5.
27. Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH. Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Mar 8;159(5):493-7.
28. Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Association or lack of association between tetracycline class antibiotics used for acne vulgaris and lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;157(3):540-6.
29. Tetracycline Hydrochloride [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2016.
30. Gratton D, Raymond GP, Guertin-Larochelle S, et al. Topical clindamycin versus systemic tetracycline in the treatment of acne: results of a multiclinic trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982 Jul 1;7(1):50-3.
31. Gammon WR, Meyer C, Lantis S, Shenefelt P, Reizner G, Cripps DJ. Comparative efficacy of oral erythromycin versus oral tetracycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a double-blind study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Feb 1;14(2):183-6.
32. Sauer GC. Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne. Arch Dermatol. 1976 Nov 1;112(11):1603-5.
33. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Rosen T, et al. Status report from the scientific panel on antibiotic use in dermatology of the American Acne and Rosacea Society: part 1: antibiotic prescribing patterns, sources of antibiotic exposure, antibiotic consumption and emergence of antibiotic resistance, impact of alterations in antibiotic prescribing, and clinical sequelae of antibiotic use. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016 Apr;9(4):18.
34. Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC, Rautonen N. Human intestinal microbiota and healthy ageing. Ageing Res Rev. 2010 Apr 1;9(2):107-16.
35. Whitehead RH, Young GP, Bhathal PS. Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1215). Gut. 1986 Dec 1;27(12):1457-63.
36. Ogawa H, Rafiee P, Fisher PJ, et al. Butyrate modulates gene and protein expression in human intestinal endothelial cells. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 2003 Sep 26;309(3):512-9.
37. Iizumi T, Battaglia T, Ruiz V, Perez GI. Gut microbiome and antibiotics. Arch Med Res. 2017 Nov 1;48(8):727-34.
38. Ladirat SE, Schols HA, Nauta A, et al. High-throughput analysis of the impact of antibiotics on the human intestinal microbiota composition. J Microbiol Methods. 2013 Mar 1;92(3):387-9.
39. Cooper AJ. Systematic review of Propionibacterium acnes resistance to systemic antibiotics. Med J Aust. 1998: 169 (5): 259–261.
40. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Cavalieri S, et al. Propionibacterium acnes resistance to antibiotics in acne patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 Jan 1;8(1):41-5.
41. Ross JI, Snelling AM, Carnegie E, et al. Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe. Br J Dermatol. 2003:148 (3):467–478.
42. Thiboutot DM, Dréno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: An international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Feb 1;78(2):S1-23.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Stewardship Statement for Antibiotic Guidelines – Recommendations of the HICPAC. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/recommendations/antibioticstewardship- statement.html
44. Schachner LA, Eichenfield L, Andriessen A, et al. Consensus on neonatal through preadolescent acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(6):592-600.
45. Smith K, Leyden JJ. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Ther. 2005 Sep 1;27(9):1329-42
46. Burnett JW. Systemic antibiotics for treatment of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111:1630-6.
AUTHOR CORRESPONDENCE
Leon H. Kircik MD wedoderm@yahoo.com
